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Price theory has provided solutions to myriad problems affecting society without invoking any precepts beyond those encapsulated in the standard economic postulate. Fiscal theory, meanwhile, has been closely attentive to the political, sociological and historical circumstances that bear upon the fiscal act. This methodological duality has resulted in the development of fiscal theory in line with the political culture espoused by its originator, usually the one prevailing at home. Thus emerges the need for an analysis of the evolution of fiscal thought along national lines

AbstractUnder what conditions do regional countries engage in cooperation? Regional cooperation arguably matters as an essential factor for the peace and development of nations, yet few quantitative studies have observed only countries. Cooperation nevertheless occurs between countries. This study presents the first global analysis of the correlates of regional cooperation through an analyses of dyads—where cooperation occurs. The independence concerns of interstate dyads are addressed using dyadic clustering robust standard error estimation. The analyses offered here, of memberships in 76 regional organizations from 1945 to 2012, yield several factors as significant forces of regional cooperation. In order of importance, these are: joint democracy, joint language, equal material capability, and trade interdependence. I also explore if weaker countries are more hesitant to cooperate with stronger ones in the regions studied. This is an interesting contribution at the theoretical level, as it seems to privilege a liberal explanation of regional organizations (trade, democracy) over a hegemonic realist explanation (power asymmetry).Related ArticlesBishwakarma, Jham Kumar, and Zongshan Hu. 2021. "Problems and Prospects for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)." Politics & Policy 50(1): 154–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12443.Genna, Gaspare M., and David A. Mayer‐Foulkes. 2011. "Beyond Borders: Migration, Security, and Cooperation in North America." Politics & Policy 39(1): 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00280.x.Levine, Steven. 2007. "Asian Values and the Asia Pacific Community: Shared Interests and Common Concerns." Politics & Policy 35(1): 102–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00050.x.

In this study, I explore the social experiences of Middle Eastern refugee youth in the United States. Sixteen young people from Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria aged 15 to 31 participated in this research. Hall's conceptualization of representation, Ahmed's cultural politics of emotion, Cohen's moral panic, and Fisher's fearism proved to be useful theoretical tools to examine refugee youth's experiences of marginalization and racism. To explore the refugee youths' lived experiences, I conducted a critical ethnographic inquiry. I conducted my fieldwork (in-depth interviews and participant observations) in Florida, for two years, from 2017 to 2019. The interview data indicate that racist narratives and misrepresentation of refugee youth negatively affect young people's experiences and social participation. In response, this study suggests continued investigation of the interplay between representation and fearism to decode state discourse and dominant cultural codes to provide alternative forms of social participation for refugee youth.

Des fermiers dépossédés de leur citoyenneté. Les transformations du marché du tabac à Adiyaman La loi turque sur le tabac de 2002 a introduit un système contractuel selon lequel les producteurs vendent leur tabac à un prix et en quantités déterminés avant la saison de la plantation. Ce nouveau système a eu un impact considérable sur la structure de la production agricole dans le sud?est de la Turquie où existe un système de métayage extensif. En se fondant sur une enquête de terrain à Adimayan, cet article étudie la façon dont ce nouveau système a transformé la structure économique et sociale de la région en offrant de nouvelles opportunités à certains, mais en les fermant à d'autres.

AbstractThere is much literature on the diffusion and translation of regulatory agencies from the perspective of formal political models. Ethnographic research of regulation process is, however, much less common. This is even more evident with regards to the study of regulatory agencies established outside the "West." This article analyzes the translation process of the Turkish tobacco regulatory agency, which was established in 2002, under commitments made to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Based on an ethnographic analysis of two controversial cases, the study shows that tobacco regulation was being shaped and pursued in an environment of ambivalence and uncertainty. The study concludes that the decision‐making process of the agency is context‐specific and constructed within the perpetual struggles and interactions among the actors involved in this process.

Die Verfasserin argumentiert, dass die verfügbaren Bildungschancen durch das geerbte soziale, ökonomische und kulturelle Kapital (im Sinne des Konzepts von P. Bourdieu) bedingt sind. Sie zeigt, dass eine starke Wechselwirkung zwischen der sozialen Ungleichheit und der Sozialstruktur vorhanden ist. Darüber hinaus prägen die patriarchalischen Wertvorstellungen die Geschlechtsrollen und Identitäten, was zu wesentlichen Differenzen zwischen den Vertretern beider Geschlechter führt. Durch die Organisation des Bildungswesens, insbesondere durch die Existenz von religiösen und weltlichen Schulen sowie von spezifischen Mädchenschulen mit jeweils unterschiedlichen inhaltlichen Profilierung werden die etablierten Geschlechterrollen reproduziert. Zugleich kommt die soziale Ungleichheit zum Ausdruck durch die Trennung von privaten Schulen und staatlichen Berufsschulen. Der Abschluss auf dem jeweiligen Schultyp bestimmt die beruflichen Perspektiven deren Absolventen. Es wird betont, dass die arbeitenden Schüler fast ausschließlich aus ärmeren Familien stammen und an staatlichen beruforientierten Schulen ihre Ausbildung bekommen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden die Bildungsprofile arbeitender Schüler anhand von Interviewergebnissen verdeutlicht. (ICG).

Social media has become an important part of our everyday life due to the widespread use of the Internet. Of the social media services, Twitter is among the most used ones around the world. People share their opinions by writing tweets about numerous subjects, such as politics, sports, economy, etc. Millions of tweets per day create a huge dataset, which drew attention of the data scientists to focus on these data for sentiment analysis. The sentiment analysis focuses to identify the social media posts of users about a specific topic and categorize them as positive, negative or neutral. Thus, the study aims to investigate the effect of types of text representation on the performance of sentiment analysis. In this study, two datasets were used in the experiments. The first one is the user reviews about movies from the IMDB, which has been labeled by Kotzias, and the second one is the Twitter tweets, including the tweets of users about health topic in English in 2019, collected using the Twitter API. The Python programming language was used in the study both for implementing the classification models using the Naïve Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) algorithms, and for categorizing the sentiments as positive, negative and neutral. The feature extraction from the dataset was performed using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) and Word2Vec (W2V) modeling techniques. The success percentages of the classification algorithms were compared at the end. According to the experimental results, Artificial Neural Network had the best accuracy performance in both datasets compared to the others.