Suchergebnisse

According to the European Red List of Butterflies, 31% of the European butterflies have declining populations. One of the specialist butterfly species that has declining population in whole Europe and that has been interest of many scientists is the Clouded Apollo [(Parnassius mnemosyne (L.)]. The results of the theses show that the abundance and distribution area of Clouded Apollo have increased in recent years in Estonia that is the opposite process than in the rest of Europe. Since 1984, there is new population of Clouded Apollo in South Estonia that has increased its abundance and distribution area. The reason for this seems to be the appearance of high quality habitats with ideal landscape structure for the butterfly. The most preferred habitat of Clouded Apollo is the semi-natural meadow with the strip of alders on the banks of rivers. The riparian meadows with strip of alders have good conditions for the main requirements of the Clouded Apollo: nectar sources for the imago, places for mating and breeding, shelter for the imago, food plant for the larvae. The places of appearance of Clouded Apollo are in correspondence with the distribution area of the larvaeal food plant – Corydalis solida. The landscape structure plays important role in the distribution of the butterfly. Rivers create natural ecological network, providing suitable habitats, migration corridors, stepping stones through the biotopes that are barriers for the butterfly. The Clouded Apollo is the species that clearly benefits from corridors in the landscape that can increase their movement ability. The political and socio-economic changes have led to the large changes of agricultural practises and land use during last century. The semi-natural meadows are one of the most vulnerable biotopes in Estonia. As the main habitat for Clouded Apollo the attention must be paid to avoid decrease of these valuable habitats. The management of the Clouded Apollo should consider the preservation of the high quality habitats and their proper density and connectivity in the landscape to ensure preservation and enduring distribution of this protected butterfly. ; Euroopa liblikate punase nimestiku andmetel on 31% Euroopa liblikaliikide arvukus kahanemas. Rohumaa spetsialisti mustlaik-apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne) levik ja arvukus on vähenenud kogu Euroopas. Antud doktoritöö tulemused näitavad, et Eestis on mustlaik-apollo arvukus ja levik viimaste kümnendite jooksul suurenenud, mis on vastupidine suundumus kogu ülejäänud Euroopas toimuvale. Alates 1984. aastast on Lõuna-Eestis uus mustlaik-apollo populatsioon, mis suurendab jõudsalt oma arvukust ja levikuala. Selle põhjuseks on kõrge väärtusega elupaikade ja liblika jaoks sobiva maastiku struktuuri olemasolu. Mustlaik-apollo eelistatumad elupaigad on pool-looduslikud niidud, mis asuvad jõgede kallastel ja mille ääres on puuderiba, enamasti lepariba. Jõgedeäärsed leparibaga niidud vastavad kõikidele peamistele mustlaik-apollo elupaiganõudlustele: on olemas nektarivarud, avatud paaritumis- ja sigimispaigad, rööviku toidutaim ja tuulevari. Eestis mängib mustlaik-apollo levikus olulist rolli ka maastiku struktuur. Jõed moodustavad loodusliku rohevõrgustiku, tagades liblikale eluks sobilikud elupaigad, levikukoridorid ja astmelauad läbi nende biotoopide, mis on talle levikubarjääriks. Mustlaik-apollo levikualad on vastavuses monofaagist rööviku toidutaime hariliku lõokannuse (Corydalis solida) kasvukohtadega. Mustlaik-apollole elupaigaks sobivad pool-looduslikud niidud on väga tundlikud hooldamata jätmise suhtes. Viimase sajandi jooksul toimunud poliitilised ja sotsiaal-majanduslikud muutused on viinud suurte muutusteni ka Eesti põllumajanduses ja maakasutuses, vähenenud on traditsioonilise põllumajanduse osakaal ja paljud pool-looduslikud niidud on maha jäetud. Olles mustlaik-apollo peamisteks elupaikadeks, tuleks vältida nende väärtuslike elupaigatüüpide kinnikasvamist ja kadumist, et tagada haruldase kaitsealuse liblikaliigi säilimine ja edasine levik Eestis.

REVERSE is an European Interregional Cooperation Programme INTERREG IVC project. The interregional cooperation programme enables the regions of Europe to share knowledge and experience in various areas of life. The objective of REVERSE project is to promote the conservation of biological and landscape diversity in Europe by identifying the relevant successful actions and encouraging their implementation in various European regions. In the course of the project, the project partners related to the conservation of natural and cultivated biodiversity exchange and introduce their experiences. The partners are regional authorities and public establishments, which have for a long time been involved in the protection of biological and landscape diversity. They work on varied and complementary subjects such as in situ conservation of species, gene banks, the preservation of indigenous breeds, old varieties and gene pool, the management of natural and industrial landscapes, the regional strategies for the conservation of biodiversity (ecological corridors, green belts, etc.), the local legislation for the protection of biodiversity, environmental education, etc. ; The publication has been prepared within the project REgional exchanges and policy making for protecting and valorising biodiVERSity in Europe (Reverse) of EU INTERREG IVC programme and issued with the support of Environmental Investment Centre.