A large number of caravanserais were built during the Safavid era in Iran. However, due to the natural effects and human neglecting actions they are going to be ruined. Adaptive reuse of Safavid Caravanserais can be considered as one of the possibilities to preserve them from being demolished. The present study intends to categorize caravanserais based on the diversity of Iranian geographical and climatic zones as well as their distances from urban centers to determine their potential for adapting reuses. Since several of caravanserais still possess a characteristic building plan to accommodate travelers and are capable of retaining their functional elements, adaptive reuse can be applied. Therefore, the decision to reuse some of the buildings as hotels or restaurants seems rational.
Over the past two decades, Antarctica has experienced a severe eco-environmental degradation due to tourism impacts. The new, diverse and complex tourism activities and technological advancements demonstrate the current regulatory system is insufficient. This study aims to analyse the Antarctic tourism impact, investigate the assessment methods and propose a dynamic management system. This paper suggests two assessment indicators i.e. ATEF and ATECC along with nine management strategies. A flowchart demonstrates the dynamic process of impact analyses, assessment and management. This system can be deployed to design a dynamic regulatory system toward sustainable Antarctic tourism.
Woodcarving ornamentation is considered as, a national heritage and can be found in many Malaysian mosques. Woodcarvings are mostly displayed in three different motifs, namely floral, geometry and calligraphy. The application of floral and geometry motifs is to convey an abstract meaning of Islamic teachings to the viewers. However, the calligraphic decorations directly express the messages of Allah almighty or the sayings of the prophets to the congregations. Muslims are the main users of mosques as these are places for prayers as well as other religious and community activities. Therefore, the assessment of users' opinion about this type of decoration needs to be investigated. This paper aims to evaluate the perception of two groups of mosque users on the calligraphic woodcarving ornamentations from two regions, namely the East Coast and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia. As Arabic is not the primary language in Malaysia, it would be interesting to find out how much of the calligraphic ornamentation is recognised and understood by the mosque users. The quantitative approach and questionnaire survey were adopted to fulfil the objectives of the study through convenient sampling where 420 questionnaire surveys were distributed at eight selected mosques. A total of 408 respondents amongst users completed and returned the survey forms. The mosques were chosen based on the abundance and diversity of calligraphy woodcarving elements found in the prayer hall. The Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to find out the differences between the two groups of respondents. Ability of reading and understanding the Arabic scripts, the aesthetic values, the function, appropriate location and finally the desirability of scripts were assessed and compared between the participants of North East and Southwest of Peninsula Malaysia. The results showed that respondents of two areas in Malaysia had different opinions about this traditional sacred ornamentation in mosques. However, there were also similar ideas regarding to the items of variables between two evaluated groups of the study.
