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The fifth volume of the Posen Library demonstrates through a rich array of texts and images the extraordinary diversity of Jewish life during the early modern period"A rich and varied gateway into the primary source material of early modern Jewish history that is very strong on geographical diversity. A magnificent achievement."-Adam Sutcliffe, King's College London The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, Volume 5, covering the early modern period (1500-1750), presents a variety of Jewish texts to demonstrate the diversity of Jewish culture and life. These texts originate from Eastern and Western Europe, the Americas, the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, Kurdistan, Persia, Yemen, India-in short, a worldwide diaspora. They embrace historical writing and religious scholarship, liturgical expression and economic records, ethics and personal devotion, correspondence and communal regulations, art and music, architecture and poetry. The simultaneous centrifugal and centripetal character of Jewish communities during this era illustrates the distinctiveness of the early modern period in Jewish history and informs developments in world history at large. Including texts written by women, a robust collection of images, and extensive material not previously accessible to English-language readers, this volume is rich, deep, and enlightening

The Western Sephardic communities came into being as a result of confessional migration. However, in contrast to the other European confessional communities, the Sephardic Jews in Western Europe came to Judaism after a separation of generations from the religion of their ancestors. The contributions in this volume detail those transformations in the Early Modern Western Sephardic communities.

In the Early Modern period, the religious refugee became a constant presence in the European landscape, a presence which was felt, in the wake of processes of globalization, on other continents as well. During the religious wars, which raged in Europe at the time of the Reformation, and as a result of the persecution of religious minorities, hundreds of thousands of men and women were forced to go into exile and to restore their lives in new settings. In this collection of articles, an international group of historians focus on several of the significant groups of minorities who were driven into exile from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The contributions here discuss a broad range of topics, including the ways in which these communities of belief retained their identity in foreign climes, the religious meaning they accorded to the experience of exile, and the connection between ethnic attachment and religious belief, among others.

Spinoza's grandparents were Portuguese New Christians who continued living part of their time in Antwerp, even after coming to Amsterdam in 1605. They didn't affiliate with any of the Sephardic congregations. When Henrique Garcês, Spinoza's grandfather, died in 1619, he was buried outside the fence of the cemetery, and circumcised after death. He was then given his Jewish name Baruch Senior. His wife wanted to be buried next to him, but the parnasim decided to bury her in another place. Spinoza must have heard about this story, and his contempt about the ceremony of circumcision, as expressed in his ttp, was probably influenced by his family experience.