Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The reconstruction of millennial-scale interactions between ecosystems and societies can provide unique and valuable references for understanding the creation of cultural landscapes and help elucidate their value, weaknesses and legacies. Among the most emblematic forms of Mediterranean land use, olive groves and pastoralism have occupied a prominent place. Therefore, it is vital to know when, how, and with what ecological consequences these practices were established and developed. Located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea, Crete is the largest island of Greece. The island is characterised by a long human history of land use, but our understanding of past environmental changes for the entire Holocene is fragmentary. This paper presents a new investigation of Lake Kournas in Crete, where recent coring provided a 15-m sequence covering ten millennia of land cover and land-use history. The study of this new core involves the analysis of the sediment dynamics, flood deposits, pollen, diatoms, fungal and algal remains, and microcharcoals. Results show that ecosystem development near Lake Kournas was not a linear process. They reveal linkages and feedbacks between vegetation, biodiversity, fire, human impact, erosion, and climate change. A possible human occupation and agro-pastoral activities around the lake may have been detected as early as 9500 cal BP, perhaps in a transitional phase between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. At 8500 cal BP, climatic conditions may have promoted the expansion of the evergreen oak woodland. However, human impact was probably the most important driver of ecosystem change with the establishment of an agro-system after 8000 years ago. Thereafter, the trajectory of Kournas' lake and catchment ecosystems from the Mid to Late Holocene follow the rhythm of land-use change. Among the traditional Mediterranean land uses, olive cultivation locally played a major role in the socio-ecosystem interactions, providing economic benefits but also destabilising soils. During the last six millennia, three main phases of olive cultivation occurred during the Final Neolithic-Minoan period, the Hellenistic-Roman-Byzantine (HRB) period and Modern times. Along with the changing land use under the successive political and economic influences rules, the resilience capacities of vegetation permitted it to shift back to higher biodiversity again after decreasing phases. Forest vegetation was always able to recover until the onset of the Venetian period (13th century), when woodlands were dramatically reduced. Only during the past century has forest vegetation slightly recovered, while the flood regime had already been altered during previous centuries. During the past 100 years, biodiversity markedly declined, probably in response to the industrialization of agriculture.

International audience ; The reconstruction of millennial-scale interactions between ecosystems and societies can provide unique and valuable references for understanding the creation of cultural landscapes and help elucidate their value, weaknesses and legacies. Among the most emblematic forms of Mediterranean land use, olive groves and pastoralism have occupied a prominent place. Therefore, it is vital to know when, how, and with what ecological consequences these practices were established and developed. Located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea, Crete is the largest island of Greece. The island is characterised by a long human history of land use, but our understanding of past environmental changes for the entire Holocene is fragmentary. This paper presents a new investigation of Lake Kournas in Crete, where recent coring provided a 15-m sequence covering ten millennia of land cover and land-use history. The study of this new core involves the analysis of the sediment dynamics, flood deposits, pollen, diatoms, fungal and algal remains, and microcharcoals. Results show that ecosystem development near Lake Kournas was not a linear process. They reveal linkages and feedbacks between vegetation, biodiversity, fire, human impact, erosion, and climate change. A possible human occupation and agro-pastoral activities around the lake may have been detected as early as 9500 cal BP, perhaps in a transitional phase between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. At 8500 cal BP, climatic conditions may have promoted the expansion of the evergreen oak woodland. However, human impact was probably the most important driver of ecosystem change with the establishment of an agro-system after 8000 years ago. Thereafter, the trajectory of Kournas' lake and catchment ecosystems from the Mid to Late Holocene follow the rhythm of land-use change. Among the traditional Mediterranean land uses, olive cultivation locally played a major role in the socio-ecosystem interactions, providing economic benefits but also destabilising soils. During the last six millennia, three main phases of olive cultivation occurred during the Final Neolithic-Minoan period, the Hellenistic-Roman-Byzantine (HRB) period and Modern times. Along with the changing land use under the successive political and economic influences rules, the resilience capacities of vegetation permitted it to shift back to higher biodiversity again after decreasing phases. Forest vegetation was always able to recover until the onset of the Venetian period (13th century), when woodlands were dramatically reduced. Only during the past century has forest vegetation slightly recovered, while the flood regime had already been altered during previous centuries. During the past 100 years, biodiversity markedly declined, probably in response to the industrialization of agriculture.

International audience ; The reconstruction of millennial-scale interactions between ecosystems and societies can provide unique and valuable references for understanding the creation of cultural landscapes and help elucidate their value, weaknesses and legacies. Among the most emblematic forms of Mediterranean land use, olive groves and pastoralism have occupied a prominent place. Therefore, it is vital to know when, how, and with what ecological consequences these practices were established and developed. Located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea, Crete is the largest island of Greece. The island is characterised by a long human history of land use, but our understanding of past environmental changes for the entire Holocene is fragmentary. This paper presents a new investigation of Lake Kournas in Crete, where recent coring provided a 15-m sequence covering ten millennia of land cover and land-use history. The study of this new core involves the analysis of the sediment dynamics, flood deposits, pollen, diatoms, fungal and algal remains, and microcharcoals. Results show that ecosystem development near Lake Kournas was not a linear process. They reveal linkages and feedbacks between vegetation, biodiversity, fire, human impact, erosion, and climate change. A possible human occupation and agro-pastoral activities around the lake may have been detected as early as 9500 cal BP, perhaps in a transitional phase between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. At 8500 cal BP, climatic conditions may have promoted the expansion of the evergreen oak woodland. However, human impact was probably the most important driver of ecosystem change with the establishment of an agro-system after 8000 years ago. Thereafter, the trajectory of Kournas' lake and catchment ecosystems from the Mid to Late Holocene follow the rhythm of land-use change. Among the traditional Mediterranean land uses, olive cultivation locally played a major role in the socio-ecosystem interactions, providing economic benefits but also destabilising soils. During the last six millennia, three main phases of olive cultivation occurred during the Final Neolithic-Minoan period, the Hellenistic-Roman-Byzantine (HRB) period and Modern times. Along with the changing land use under the successive political and economic influences rules, the resilience capacities of vegetation permitted it to shift back to higher biodiversity again after decreasing phases. Forest vegetation was always able to recover until the onset of the Venetian period (13th century), when woodlands were dramatically reduced. Only during the past century has forest vegetation slightly recovered, while the flood regime had already been altered during previous centuries. During the past 100 years, biodiversity markedly declined, probably in response to the industrialization of agriculture.

International audience ; The reconstruction of millennial-scale interactions between ecosystems and societies can provide unique and valuable references for understanding the creation of cultural landscapes and help elucidate their value, weaknesses and legacies. Among the most emblematic forms of Mediterranean land use, olive groves and pastoralism have occupied a prominent place. Therefore, it is vital to know when, how, and with what ecological consequences these practices were established and developed. Located in the southern part of the Aegean Sea, Crete is the largest island of Greece. The island is characterised by a long human history of land use, but our understanding of past environmental changes for the entire Holocene is fragmentary. This paper presents a new investigation of Lake Kournas in Crete, where recent coring provided a 15-m sequence covering ten millennia of land cover and land-use history. The study of this new core involves the analysis of the sediment dynamics, flood deposits, pollen, diatoms, fungal and algal remains, and microcharcoals. Results show that ecosystem development near Lake Kournas was not a linear process. They reveal linkages and feedbacks between vegetation, biodiversity, fire, human impact, erosion, and climate change. A possible human occupation and agro-pastoral activities around the lake may have been detected as early as 9500 cal BP, perhaps in a transitional phase between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. At 8500 cal BP, climatic conditions may have promoted the expansion of the evergreen oak woodland. However, human impact was probably the most important driver of ecosystem change with the establishment of an agro-system after 8000 years ago. Thereafter, the trajectory of Kournas' lake and catchment ecosystems from the Mid to Late Holocene follow the rhythm of land-use change. Among the traditional Mediterranean land uses, olive cultivation locally played a major role in the socio-ecosystem interactions, providing economic benefits but also destabilising soils. During the last six millennia, three main phases of olive cultivation occurred during the Final Neolithic-Minoan period, the Hellenistic-Roman-Byzantine (HRB) period and Modern times. Along with the changing land use under the successive political and economic influences rules, the resilience capacities of vegetation permitted it to shift back to higher biodiversity again after decreasing phases. Forest vegetation was always able to recover until the onset of the Venetian period (13th century), when woodlands were dramatically reduced. Only during the past century has forest vegetation slightly recovered, while the flood regime had already been altered during previous centuries. During the past 100 years, biodiversity markedly declined, probably in response to the industrialization of agriculture.

International audience ; This article contains the results of 10 years of research in the Gaulish oppidum of Bibracte between 1996 and 2005. It discusses the thematic developed in Centre archéologique européen of Bibracte in this period. It concerns the natural and human environment, the organisation of the oppidum and the political and economic structures. The palaeoenvironmental analyses have demonstrated the strong impact of human activities, namely of paleometallurgy, on the natural environment. The understanding of the inner organisation of the oppidum has been enriched by the study of the fortifications, the burials, the workshop and residential areas and the public buildings. The greatest result was the uncovering of a basilica complex of a Roman republican style in the centre of the settlement (between 50 and 30 BC). Finally, the study of the finds has contributed to determination of the phases and the chronology of the settlement.

International audience ; This article contains the results of 10 years of research in the Gaulish oppidum of Bibracte between 1996 and 2005. It discusses the thematic developed in Centre archéologique européen of Bibracte in this period. It concerns the natural and human environment, the organisation of the oppidum and the political and economic structures. The palaeoenvironmental analyses have demonstrated the strong impact of human activities, namely of paleometallurgy, on the natural environment. The understanding of the inner organisation of the oppidum has been enriched by the study of the fortifications, the burials, the workshop and residential areas and the public buildings. The greatest result was the uncovering of a basilica complex of a Roman republican style in the centre of the settlement (between 50 and 30 BC). Finally, the study of the finds has contributed to determination of the phases and the chronology of the settlement.

International audience ; This article contains the results of 10 years of research in the Gaulish oppidum of Bibracte between 1996 and 2005. It discusses the thematic developed in Centre archéologique européen of Bibracte in this period. It concerns the natural and human environment, the organisation of the oppidum and the political and economic structures. The palaeoenvironmental analyses have demonstrated the strong impact of human activities, namely of paleometallurgy, on the natural environment. The understanding of the inner organisation of the oppidum has been enriched by the study of the fortifications, the burials, the workshop and residential areas and the public buildings. The greatest result was the uncovering of a basilica complex of a Roman republican style in the centre of the settlement (between 50 and 30 BC). Finally, the study of the finds has contributed to determination of the phases and the chronology of the settlement.

International audience ; This article contains the results of 10 years of research in the Gaulish oppidum of Bibracte between 1996 and 2005. It discusses the thematic developed in Centre archéologique européen of Bibracte in this period. It concerns the natural and human environment, the organisation of the oppidum and the political and economic structures. The palaeoenvironmental analyses have demonstrated the strong impact of human activities, namely of paleometallurgy, on the natural environment. The understanding of the inner organisation of the oppidum has been enriched by the study of the fortifications, the burials, the workshop and residential areas and the public buildings. The greatest result was the uncovering of a basilica complex of a Roman republican style in the centre of the settlement (between 50 and 30 BC). Finally, the study of the finds has contributed to determination of the phases and the chronology of the settlement.

International audience ; This article contains the results of 10 years of research in the Gaulish oppidum of Bibracte between 1996 and 2005. It discusses the thematic developed in Centre archéologique européen of Bibracte in this period. It concerns the natural and human environment, the organisation of the oppidum and the political and economic structures. The palaeoenvironmental analyses have demonstrated the strong impact of human activities, namely of paleometallurgy, on the natural environment. The understanding of the inner organisation of the oppidum has been enriched by the study of the fortifications, the burials, the workshop and residential areas and the public buildings. The greatest result was the uncovering of a basilica complex of a Roman republican style in the centre of the settlement (between 50 and 30 BC). Finally, the study of the finds has contributed to determination of the phases and the chronology of the settlement.

International audience ; This article contains the results of 10 years of research in the Gaulish oppidum of Bibracte between 1996 and 2005. It discusses the thematic developed in Centre archéologique européen of Bibracte in this period. It concerns the natural and human environment, the organisation of the oppidum and the political and economic structures. The palaeoenvironmental analyses have demonstrated the strong impact of human activities, namely of paleometallurgy, on the natural environment. The understanding of the inner organisation of the oppidum has been enriched by the study of the fortifications, the burials, the workshop and residential areas and the public buildings. The greatest result was the uncovering of a basilica complex of a Roman republican style in the centre of the settlement (between 50 and 30 BC). Finally, the study of the finds has contributed to determination of the phases and the chronology of the settlement.