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A rejoinder to SA 0312/D5774. The experiment presented by Don D. Smith is found to not really demonstrate an association between knowledge & opinion. By the laws of logic, awareness of facts must have an association with the honest expression by an individual of his awareness of an existing state of affairs. Smith's exp only demonstrates that the concepts of facts, knowledge, & opinion can properly, from a sci'fic standpoint, be applied to man. These concepts constitute a model which was tested exp'ly in a manner identical to the testing of any logical or mathematical model & found useful. It is implied that this is not a very important discovery. REPLY, by Don D. Smith (Florida State U, Talahassee) states that Jordan misinterpreted the question Smith had asked in his res. Jordan's definition of the key concepts-facts, knowledge, & opinion-is diff from the definition given to these concepts in Smith's res. 'Opinion' in the res is not defined as the 'expression by an individual of his awareness of an existing state of affairs,' as contended by Jordan, but is both theoretically & operationally defined as the individual's pro or con evaluation of some issue. Therefore 'opinion' & 'knowledge' are not necessarily related by definition. Disagreement is voiced with Jordan's apparent proposition that some questions are 'not legitimate' for empirical investigation. M. Maxfield.

Implicit in our contemporary instruments measuring the direction.

It is indisputable that collaboration between PO res & soc psychol is desirable & will benefit both disciplines. A necessary condition for this collaboration to be fruitful is that the collaborators show scholarship & the ability to think clearly. Several prominent psychol'ts have recently summarized the thinking & res now going on under the names of `cognitive dissonance,I 'congruity,' `cognitive balance,' etc, for the field of PO res. It is argued that the treatment meted out to the concept of `cognitive balance' as formulated by F. Heider is neither scholarly nor clear-thinking, hence the real significance of the concept is lost. An attempt is made to conceptualize clearly the concept of `cognitive balance' & the errors of the reviewers are pointed out & corrected. AA.

In designing machines and man-machine systems, Human Factors Engineering has generally concentrated upon seeking solutions to physiological problems to enable the human operator to function efficiently. It has, however, neglected the psychological problems, particularly the problems of motivation. This was not too critical as long as machines were "primitive." With the advent of automation and complex man-machine systems this neglect may have most undesirable effects. An attempt is made to identify the necessary conditions which make a task, per se, motivating. Examples are cited from some new systems where some of these necessary conditions are lacking and the effect of this lack upon the operator is indicated