Suchergebnisse

In the classical and neo-classical periods of international law, the law of the sea was chiefly concerned with the need to facilitate the movement of ships. In the post-World War II period, however, coastal states began to make juridictional claims to extensive areas of the ocean, requiring decisions on how ocean boundaries are to be established and maintained.

Business relationships between international oil companies (IOCs) and governments are among the most dynamic in the world. There is a heated debate – currently particularly intense in Mexico and India – over a fundamental feature of global agreements. On one side are those who believe basic 'profits-based' structures – found in the world's production-sharing contracts (PSCs) and royalty/tax systems (R/Ts) – are the best. Others, however, propose a structure based simply on the division of production, or of revenues (revenuesharing contracts or RSCs). The overriding concern behind this initiative is a lack of faith in the accounting for costs, and the spectre of cost overruns, goldplating, or even cheating. In India the positions have been formalized and explicitly articulated by two committees: the Rangarajan Committee and the Kelkar Committee. The impetus for this debate stems from controversies associated with the KG-D6 gas development, and the way PSCs and cost-recovery mechanisms function.

FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK CLAIMED THAT THE IDEA OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IS MEANINGLESS IN A MARKET ECONOMY BECAUSE, IN THAT CONTEXT, NO IDENTIFIABLE AGENT INTENTIONALLY BRINGS ABOUT THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH. BUT THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE EXISTENCE OF INJUSTICE ENTAILS AN IDENTIFIABLE AGENT OF INJUSTICE IS ERRONEOUS. MOREOVER, HAYEK IGNORES THE FACT THAT IN A MARKET ECONOMY THE BROAD PATTERN OF ECONOMIC OUTCOMES IS FORESEEABLE, EVEN IF DETAILED, PERSON-BY-PERSON OUTCOMES ARE NOT. HAYEK'S REJECTION OF THE IDEA OF SOCIAL JUSTICE REVEALS A STRIKING NAIVETE ABOUT HIS OWN ETHICAL PRESUPPOSITIONS.

Examines the fate of the social indicators 'movement'. The immediate cause for the sudden demise of social reporting as a federal activity was the Reagan ideology. But, the 'project' had never enjoyed an appropriate organisational base and never received adequate support. (SJK)

Long-term disaster recovery processes are poorly understood, yet there is a growing imperative to improve knowledge of their complexity and timeframes to inform policy and post-disaster decision-making. This empirical study explores post-disaster change and recovery processes for the healthcare system on the island of Montserrat, West Indies. Taking a systems approach, we adopt a qualitative case study methodology to explore post-disaster changes over an extended timeframe (1995–2012). We identify many different aspects of change, which lends a new perspective on post-disaster change types for complex systems, and an alternative classification for analysis of their recovery. Recovery of the healthcare system is ongoing. We find that recovery is not a uniform process. Different elements of the system show signs of recovery at different times. This exploratory study documents the complex and long-term nature of disaster recovery in this context, which brings new understanding of change and recovery processes and raises important considerations for future studies.

n-of-1 studies test hypotheses within individuals based on repeated measurement of variables within the individual over time. Intra-individual effects may differ from those found in between-participant studies. Using examples from a systematic review of n-of-1 studies in health behaviour research, this article provides a state of the art overview of the use of n-of-1 methods, organised according to key methodological considerations related to n-of-1 design and analysis, and describes future challenges and opportunities. A comprehensive search strategy (PROSPERO:CRD42014007258) was used to identify articles published between 2000 and 2016, reporting observational or interventional n-of-1 studies with health behaviour outcomes. Thirty-nine articles were identified which reported on n-of-1 observational designs and a range of n-of-1 interventional designs, including AB, ABA, ABABA, alternating treatments, n-of-1 randomised controlled trial, multiple baseline and changing criterion designs. Behaviours measured included treatment adherence, physical activity, drug/alcohol use, sleep, smoking and eating behaviour. Descriptive, visual or statistical analyses were used. We identify scope and opportunities for using n-of-1 methods to answer key questions in health behaviour research. n-of-1 methods provide the tools needed to help advance theoretical knowledge and personalise/tailor health behaviour interventions to individuals. ; This work was part of the LiveWell programme. LiveWell was supported by the Lifelong Health and Wellbeing initiative (LLHW), under Grant number G0900686. The LLHW initiative is a funding collaboration between the UK Research Councils and Health Departments. The funding partners are: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates, National Institute for Health Research /The Department of Health, The Health and Social Care Research & Development of the Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), and Wales Office of Research and Development for Health and Social Care, Welsh Assembly Government.

Ronan, KR orcid:0000-0002-2698-5886 ; The Wellington region of New Zealand is exposed to a wide range of potentially damaging impacts from various hazard events (e.g. earthquakes, tsunami, storms and floods). Wellington is situated in one of the most active seismic regions in New Zealand, creating a significant earthquake and tsunami risk. Given the variety of hazards Wellington faces, consideration needs to be given to how the risks are managed within schools. The purpose of the present study was to investigate tsunami preparedness activities undertaken in schools in the region in association with the New Zealand 'ShakeOut' exercise. In November 2015, a survey was carried out in 17 schools from several Wellington tsunami evacuation zones. Results revealed that the sample schools had undertaken at least some tsunami preparedness activities, and some schools reported formal planning, and practice-drills. Importantly however, not all at-risk schools are fully prepared for a tsunami; one of the greatest life-safety risks for students attending school within the Wellington tsunami inundation zones. It is expected that results of the present study will help inform school-based tsunami preparedness guidelines for New Zealand schools. ; Associated Grant:Government of New Zealand through GNS Science and the 'It's our Fault' project

Abstract. Evacuation of the population from a tsunami hazard zone is vital to reduce life-loss due to inundation. Geospatial least-cost distance modelling provides one approach to assessing tsunami evacuation potential. Previous models have generally used two static exposure scenarios and fixed travel speeds to represent population movement. Some analyses have assumed immediate departure or a common evacuation departure time for all exposed population. Here, a method is proposed to incorporate time-variable exposure, distributed travel speeds, and uncertain evacuation departure time into an existing anisotropic least-cost path distance framework. The method is demonstrated for hypothetical local-source tsunami evacuation in Napier City, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. There is significant diurnal variation in pedestrian evacuation potential at the suburb level, although the total number of people unable to evacuate is stable across all scenarios. Whilst some fixed travel speeds approximate a distributed speed approach, others may overestimate evacuation potential. The impact of evacuation departure time is a significant contributor to total evacuation time. This method improves least-cost modelling of evacuation dynamics for evacuation planning, casualty modelling, and development of emergency response training scenarios. However, it requires detailed exposure data, which may preclude its use in many situations.