Congress did not correctly disestablish the Native American reservations in what is now the State of Oklahoma at the time of its rise to statehood according to the test created by the Supreme Court in Solem v. Bartlett (1984). This test requires that the Legislature include specific cession language in its enactments. This paper will examine the laws on the Oklahoma reservations. This examination will be used to argue that although Congress' management of the First Nation peoples living in these enclaves may appear destructive by modern interpretations, none of the legislation formally terminated this area's reservation status according to Supreme Court precedent.
SUMMARY: An innovative directed support intervention programme using lay people aimed at improving the quality of parenting during the first year of life was introduced on a pilot basis in Dublin in 1983 for parents of children living in working class communities. It involved experienced mothers who delivered a programme focusing on healthcare, nutritional improvement and overall child development to new parents. Support, encouragement and guidance were used rather than advice. The programme was evaluated in 1989 using a randomised controlled approach and was found to be effective in terms of health, nutrition and developmental stimulation. It has since expanded to incorporate breastfeeding support, mother and toddler groups and attention to the special needs of travellers, and the potential for applying this approach to other areas of healthcare and social development is large.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how consumers' willingness to buy is influenced by two essential design elements: form and functional design. Form design refers to appearance and can be categorized as typical or non-typical. Function design relates to product features and can be the basis of whether a new product is perceived as a radically new product (RNP) vs an incrementally new product (INP). An interaction between form (typical vs non-typical) and function (RNP vs INP) was hypothesized and examined based on consumers' knowledge of a product category and level of technological innovativeness.Design/methodology/approachTwo between subject experiments were conducted in which two factors were manipulated (2×2 ANOVA): the degree of technological innovation (RNP vs INP) and form (more typical vs less typical).FindingsFindings reveal that form design has a minimal impact on consumers' evaluations of INPs, but less typical form design is preferred over typical form design for RNPs. Moreover, form design matters more to consumers who are technologically more innovative (vs less innovative) and more knowledgeable (vs less knowledgeable).Practical implicationsThe managerial implications are multiple. Depending on the degree of the technological innovation, new design form can be strategically aligned to the function of a new product to increase perceived value – an effect observed among South Korean consumers that we anticipate will extend upon other cultures high in uncertainty avoidance.Originality/valueThis research will shed some light on an area of marketing that has been previously under-researched: form-based design in global innovation diffusion focusing on Asian countries and provide a more systematic approach to the empirical studies of form design issues in global marketing. This research extends the current design and innovation literature by examining the two dimensional types of design (visceral form and functionality) and potential moderators: degree of product innovation (RNP vs INP), consumer innovativeness, and consumer knowledge.
While indigenous peoples have made great strides to institutionalize principles supporting indigenous rights in the global arena, many of these advances will require recognition and implementation by nation-states in domestic contexts to have their greatest effect. How do these emerging global norms shape the potential for indigenous peoples to influence domestic governance? To provide insight into this question, we use historical research and interview data to examine Japan's policy toward the Ainu. Globally, indigenous peoples are defined by a collective subjective process; that is, in international meetings in which indigenous peoples participate, indigenous peoples act together to recognize other peoples as indigenous. Such recognition by the global indigenous peoples' movement provided legitimacy and enhanced agency for the Ainu in the face of the Japanese government's continued nonrecognition of the Ainu as an indigenous people. Despite this international legitimacy, the institutional structures of the Japanese state mediate the effects of international influences and limit Ainu domestic self-determination and participation in governance. Domestic policies based on cultural promotion and Ainu welfare provide few points of direct contact between Ainu leaders and the Japanese bureaucracy; further, these points of contact tend to be isolated from the parts of the bureaucracy most subject to international influence. Although the pace of change has been slow and its extent limited, Japan's continued lack of recognition of the Ainu as an indigenous people creates policy tension that enables Ainu and others influenced by global norms to use these limited channels of domestic influence and global pressures to renew calls for further changes.
Increasingly unpredictable and competitive organizational environments have put pressure on leaders across all industries to better manage change. Key to successful change management is the ability to both: (1) communicate the desired change in ways that create line of sight; and (2) develop regular sources of feedback that measure the extent to which the change has diffused throughout the organization. Social Network Analysis provides this type of useful feedback. By allowing leaders to visualize the informal communication networks in their organizations, social network analysis can help organizations continuously assess and evaluate the effectiveness of their change strategies. Social Network Analysis is gaining in popularity today due to the convergence of interest in performance dashboards and in social media. Organizations investing in social network analysis are doing so now because it helps them to identify individuals who are critical to the organization's communication flow as well as opportunities for strategic communication aimed at tuning the network to better promote organizational effectiveness.
AbstractThis research examines consumers' participation in a nonmonetary, nonreciprocal form of online consumer exchange wherein consumers may decide to give only, receive only, or both give and receive. Given the lack of financial incentives or relational norms that would traditionally drive participation in this societally beneficial consumption activity for which we advance the term alternative giving, this research examines consumers' participation motivations. Are consumers, as prior research suggests, motivated to participate in alternative giving activities on the basis of prosocial motives or for other reasons? Through a content analysis of the online Freecycle Network, we found that participation is driven primarily by fundamental consumer needs and wants, though other prosocial, less materialistic factors are also drivers. Our findings also identify an inconsistency in product categories between what givers offer and what receivers seek, suggesting that supply–demand imbalances can emerge within alternative giving communities.
