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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of financial practice in the development of mathematics as applied in human judgement. The basis of the paper is in historical research from the 1990s that argues that the monetisation of western commerce, which abstracted value into quantified price, was synthesised with scholastic analysis resulting in a "mathematical mechanistic world picture" that led to the widespread use of mathematics in science from the seventeenth century. An aspect of this process was the quantification of chance that led to the development of mathematical probability, the branch of mathematics most relevant to judgement and the focus of this paper. Ideas from this historical research are related to the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FTAP), the foundational theory of contemporary financial mathematics. The paper observes that vestiges of medieval scholastic attitudes to financial ethics can be discerned in the FTAP, offering a novel interpretation of the mathematical theorem. The paper then considers the Dutch book argument (DBA), the most popular justification for subjective probability. The paper's main contribution is in describing the significance of financial practice in validating the DBA and the paper explains how the FTAP addresses some criticisms of how the DBA represents beliefs. The conclusions emphasise the distinction between pure and practical reasoning and that this should be mirrored in a distinction between the mathematics ofphysicaandpractica. This point is important as mathematics is becoming more widespread in modelling, and directing, social systems.

Covers the latest methodologies and research on international comparative surveys with contributions from noted experts in the field' Advances in Comparative Survey Methodology examines the most recent advances in methodology and operations as well as the technical developments in international survey research. With contributions from a panel of international experts, the text includes information on the use of Big Data in concert with survey data, collecting biomarkers, the human subject regulatory environment, innovations in data collection methodology and sampling techniques, use of paradata across the survey lifecycle, metadata standards for dissemination, and new analytical techniques. 'This important resource: -Contains contributions from key experts in their respective fields of study from around the globe -Highlights innovative approaches in resource poor settings, and innovative approaches to combining survey and other data -Includes material that is organized within the total survey error framework -Presents extensive and up-to-date references throughout the book Written for students and academic survey researchers and market researchers engaged in comparative projects, this text represents a unique collaboration that features the latest methodologies and research on global comparative surveys.

Origins and Development of Health Survey Methods / Timothy P Johnson -- Design and Sampling Issues. Sampling For Community Health Surveys / Michael P Battaglia -- Developing a Survey Sample Design for Population-Based Case-Control Studies / Ralph DiGaetano -- Sampling Rare Populations / James Wagner, Sunghee Lee -- Design and Measurement Issues. Assessing Physical Health / Todd Rockwood -- Developing and Selecting Mental Health Measures / Ronald C Kessler, Beth-Ellen Pennell -- Developing Measures of Health Behavior and Health Service Utilization / Paul Beatty -- Self-Rated Health in Health Surveys / Sunghee Lee -- Pretesting of Health Survey Questionnaires: Cognitive Interviewing, Usability Testing, and Behavior Coding / Gordon Willis -- Cross-Cultural Considerations in Health Surveys / Brad Edwards -- Survey Methods for Social Network Research / Benjamin Cornwell, Emily Hoagland -- New Technologies for Health Survey Research / Joe Murphy, Elizabeth Dean, Craig A Hill, Ashley Richards -- Field Issues. Using Survey Data to Improve Health: Community Outreach and Collaboration / Steven Whitman, Ami M Shah, Maureen R Benjamins, Joseph West -- Proxy Reporting in Health Surveys / Joseph W Sakshaug -- The Collection of Biospecimens in Health Surveys / Joseph W Sakshaug, Mary Beth Ofstedal, Heidi Guyer, Timothy J Beebe -- Collecting Contextual Health Survey Data Using Systematic Observation / Shannon N Zenk, Sandy Slater, Safa Rashid -- Collecting Survey Data on Sensitive Topics: Substance Use / Joe Gfroerer, Joel Kennet -- Collecting Survey Data on Sensitive Topics: Sexual Behavior / Tom W Smith -- Ethical Considerations in Collecting Health Survey Data / Emily E Anderson -- Health Surveys of Special Populations. Surveys of Physicians / Jonathan B VanGeest, Timothy J Beebe, Timothy P Johnson -- Surveys of Health Care Organizations / John D Loft, Joe Murphy, Craig A Hill -- Surveys of Patient Populations / Francis Fullam, Jonathan B VanGeest -- Surveying Sexual and Gender Minorities / Melissa A Clark, Samantha Rosenthal, Ulrike Boehmer -- Surveying People with Disabilities: Moving Toward Better Practices and Policies / Rooshey Hasnain, Carmit-Noa Shpigelman, Mike Scott, Jon R Gunderson, Hadi B Rangin, Ashmeet Oberoi, Liam McKeever -- Data Management and Analysis. Assessing the Quality of Health Survey Data Through Modern Test Theory / Adam C Carle -- Sample Weighting for Health Surveys / Kennon R Copeland, Nadarajasundaram Ganesh -- Merging Survey Data with Administrative Data for Health Research Purposes / Michael Davern, Marc Roemer, Wendy Thomas -- Merging Survey Data with Aggregate Data from Other Sources: Opportunities and Challenges / Jarvis T Chen -- Analysis of Complex Health Survey Data / Stanislav Kolenikov, Jeff Pitblado