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[EN] The use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has spread through many different fields. Transport, health, and energy management of farming are some of the areas where IoT systems are being utilized. The selection of the wireless communication technology for the IoT system is paramount for its optimal performance. However, factors such as desired coverage or energy consumption must be considered for this selection. In this paper, several tests to determine the battery life that can be obtained after performing WiFi and LoRa Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) transmissions with a low-cost IoT device has been performed. With a 5 second transmission interval and default settings, similar results were obtained for both WiFi and LoRa. Furthermore, WiFi outperformed LoRa with the default settings and a 30 second transmission interval. Lastly, LoRa did outperform WiFi when the settings where changed so as the transmission power of LoRa was that of 10 dBm. ; This work has been supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR. ; García, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Lloret, J.; Lorenz, P. (2019). WiFi and LoRa Energy Consumption Comparison in IoT ESP 32/ SX1278 Devices. IARIA XPS Press. 26-31. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/180545 ; S ; 26 ; 31

[EN] The use of precision agriculture is becoming more and more necessary to provide food for the world's growing population, as well as to reduce environmental impact and enhance the usage of limited natural resources. One of the main drawbacks that hinder the use of precision agriculture is the cost of technological immersion in the sector. For farmers, it is necessary to provide low-cost and robust systems as well as reliability. Toward this end, this paper presents a wireless sensor network of low-cost sensor nodes for soil moisture that can help farmers optimize the irrigation processes in precision agriculture. Each wireless node is composed of four soil moisture sensors that are able to measure the moisture at different depths. Each sensor is composed of two coils wound onto a plastic pipe. The sensor operation is based on mutual induction between coils that allow monitoring the percentage of water content in the soil. Several prototypes with different features have been tested. The prototype that has offered better results has a winding ratio of 1:2 with 15 and 30 spires working at 93 kHz. We also have developed a specific communication protocol to improve the performance of the whole system. Finally, the wireless network was tested, in a real, cultivated plot of citrus trees, in terms of coverage and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to check losses due to vegetation. ; This work has been partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3227 SMARTWATIR, by the "Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, en el marco del Plan Estatal de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica y de Innovacion 2017-2020" (Project code: PID2020-114467RR-C33) and by "proyectos de innovacion de interes general por grupos operativos de la Asociacion Europea para la Innovacion en materia de productividad y sostenibilidad agricolas (AEI-Agri)" in the framework "Programa Nacional de Desarrollo Rural ...

[EN] Due to the broad range of options that wireless systems offer, Wi-Fi products are increasingly being used in agriculture environments to improve farming practices and better control the output of the production. However, the foliage has proven to harm radio-frequency propagation as well as decreasing the coverage area of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Therefore, near-ground channel characterization can help in avoiding high antennas and vegetation. Nevertheless, theoretical models tend to fail when forecasting near-ground path losses. This paper aims at determining how the field components such as soil, grass and, trunks affect radio-links in near-ground scenarios. To do this, we measure the Received Signal Strength (RSSI), the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) and the Round-Trip Time (RTT) of a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), at different distances, and the results are compared with 3 prediction models: the Free-Space Propagation Model, Two-Ray Ground Reflection Model and, One-Slope Log-Normal Model. The experiment was carried out by collecting experimental data at two different locations, i.e., an orange tree plantation and a field without vegetation, taking measurements every meter. A comprehensive analysis of the influence of rural environments can help to obtain better near-ground WSN performance and coverage in precision agriculture. ; This work has been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED project ERANETMED3- 227 SMARTWATIR, by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades through the Ayudas para la adquisición de equipamiento científico-técnico, Subprograma estatal de infraestructuras de investigación y equipamiento científico-técnico (plan Estatal I+D+i 2017- 2020) (project EQC2018-004988-P), by the Universidad de Granada through the "Programa de Proyectos de Investigación Precompetitivos para Jóvenes Investigadores. Modalidad A jóvenes Doctores of "Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia 2019" (PPJIA2019.10) and by the Campus de Excelencia Internacional ...

In recent years, the automotive industry is equipping vehicles with sophisticated, and often, expensive systems for driving assistance. However, this vehicular technology is more focused on facilitating the driving and not in monitoring the driver. This paper presents a low-cost vehicle driver assistance system for monitoring the drivers activity that intends to prevent an accident. The system consists of 4 sensors that monitor physical parameters and driver position. From these values, the system generates a series of acoustic signals to alert the vehicle driver and avoiding an accident. Finally the system is tested to verify its proper operation. ; This work has been partially supported by the "Programa para la Formación de Personal Investigador–(FPI-2015-S2-884)" by the "Universitat Politècnica de València". ; Sendra, S.; García-García, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Lloret, J. (2017). Low-cost vehicle driver assistance system for fatigue and distraction detection. En Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer Verlag. 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51207-5_7 ; S ; 69 ; 78 ; Mapfre Foundation. (Online Article) Seguridad activa y pasiva. www.seguridadvialenlaempresa.com/seguridad-empresas/actualidad/noticias/seguridad-vial-activa-y-pasiva-2.jsp . Accessed 25 Aug 2016 ; Dirección general de tráfico, Ministerio del Interior, Spanish Government. (Online Article) Las principales cifras de la siniestralidad vial. España 2014, p. 21 (2014). http://www.dgt.es/es/seguridad-vial/estadisticas-e-indicadores/publicaciones/ . Accessed 25 Aug 2016 ; Fukuhara, H.: Vehicle collision alert system. US Patent 5355118 A, 11 Oct 1994 ; Dirección general de tráfico, Ministerio del Interior, Spanish Government. (Online Article) Anuario estadístico de accidentes 2014, p. 10 (2014). http://www.dgt.es/es/seguridad-vial/estadisticas-e-indicadores/publicaciones/anuario-estadistico-general/ . Accessed 25 Aug 2016 ; Dirección general de tráfico, Ministerio del Interior, ...

[EN] Currently, most of remote education systems use video streaming as the main basis to support teaching. These emissions can be seen in devices with different hardware features such as personal computers, tablets or smartphones through networks with different capacities. The use of different web browsers and coding options can also influence the network performance. Therefore, the quality of the video displayed may be different. This work presents a practical study to establish the best combination of web browsers and containers to encode multimedia files for videos streaming in personal computers running Windows 7 and Windows 10 operating systems. For this, a video encoded with different codecs and compressed with different containers have been transmitted through a 1000BaseT network. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared to determine which would be the most efficient combination of parameters according to the resolution of the transmitted video. ; This work has been partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR and by the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte , through the Convocatoria 2016 - Proyectos I+D+I - Programa Estatal De Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los retos de la sociedad (Project TEC2016-76795-C6-4-R) and through the Convocatoria 2017 - Proyectos I+D+I - Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, convocatoria excelencia (Project TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P). ; Sendra, S.; Túnez-Murcia, AI.; Lloret, J.; Jimenez, JM. (2018). Network Performance in HTML5 Video Connections. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 10(3):43-62. https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v10i3.13933 ; S ; 43 ; 62 ; 10 ; 3

[EN] The role of agriculture in society is vital due to factors such as providing food for the population, is a major source of employment worldwide, and one of the most important sources of revenue for countries. Furthermore, in recent years, the interest in optimizing the use of water resources has increased due to aspects such as climate change. This has led to the introduction of technology in the fields by means of sensor networks that allow remote monitoring and control of cultivated lands. In this paper, we present a system for flood irrigation in agriculture comprised of a sensor network based on WiFi communication. Different sensors measure atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, and rain, soil parameters such as humidity, and water parameters such as water temperature, salinity, and water height to decide on the need of activating the floodgates for irrigation. The user application displays the data gathered by the sensors, shows a graphical representation of the state of irrigation of each ditch, and allows farmers to manage the irrigation of their fields. Finally, different tests were performed on a plot of vegetables to evaluate the correct performance of the system and the coverage of the sensor network on a vegetated area with different deployment options. ; This work was partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR, by the Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, en el marco del Plan Estatal de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica y de Innovacion 2017-2020 (Project code: PID2020-114467RR-C33), and by proyectos de innovacion de interes general por grupos operativos de la Asociacion Europea para la Innovacion en materia de productividad y sostenibilidad agricolas (AEI-Agri) in the framework Programa Nacional de Desarrollo Rural 2014-2020, GO TECNOGAR. This work was also partially funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through ...

[EN] The remote location of agricultural fields leads to the difficulty of deploying Precision Agriculture (PA) systems as there is no Internet access in those areas. Therefore, the use of long-range wireless technologies such as LoRa can provide connectivity to rural areas and allow monitoring PA systems remotely. In this paper, a heterogeneous architecture and protocol that allows communication with both WiFi and LoRa, including multiple hops in LoRa are presented. The design is based on a tree topology comprised of electronic devices deployed on different areas of interest for PA systems such as the canals of irrigation water, the fields, and the urban areas that generate wastewater. A set of practical tests with different configurations have been performed to determine the correct operation of the proposed protocol. The results show that the consumed bandwidth for both 433 MHz and 868 MHz frequency bands remained within the limits for the most restrictive LoRa configurations. Therefore, different deployment needs can be addressed with the implementation of this proposal. Furthermore, the use of packet transmission delays of 500 ms at the CH node results in high successful packet delivery rates. ; This work has been funded by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through European Research Area Net (ERANET) joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR, by the ''Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion'' through the Project PID2020-114467RR-C33 and by ''Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion'' through the ''proyectos de innovacion de interes general por grupos operativos de la Asociacion Europea para la Innovacion en materia de productividad y sostenibilidad agricolas (AEI-Agri)'' project GO TECNOGAR. This work has also been partially funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through the post-doctoral PAID-10-20 program. ; Lloret, J.; García-García, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Sendra, S.; Lorenz, P. (2021). Cluster-Based Communication Protocol and ...

[EN] In the past years, videoconferencing (VC) has become an essential means of communications. VC allows people to communicate face to face regardless of their location, and it can be used for different purposes such as business meetings, medical assistance, commercial meetings, and military operations. There are a lot of factors in real-time video transmission that can affect to the quality of service (QoS) and the quality of experience (QoE). The application that is used (Adobe Connect, Cisco Webex, and Skype), the internet connection, or the network used for the communication can affect to the QoE. Users want communication to be as good as possible in terms of QoE. In this paper, we propose an architecture for videoconferencing that provides better quality of experience than other existing applications such as Adobe Connect, Cisco Webex, and Skype. We will test how these three applications work in terms of bandwidth, packets per second, and delay using WiFi and 3G/4G connections. Finally, these applications are compared to our prototype in the same scenarios as they were tested, and also in an SDN, in order to improve the advantages of the prototype. ; This work has been supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P. ; Jimenez, JM.; García-Navas, JL.; Lloret, J.; Romero Martínez, JO. (2020). Architecture and Protocol to Optimize Videoconference in Wireless Networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 2020:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4903420 ; S ; 1 ; 22 ; 2020

[EN] Every day it becomes more necessary to control crops because of the environmental problems, such as the lack of water for irrigation. Therefore, the use of precision agriculture becomes more evident. When it comes to making decisions on crops, the need of applying the concept of Smart Agriculture, which focuses on utilizing different sensors and actuators, is evident. As the number of IoT devices used in agriculture grows exponentially, it is necessary to design the implemented network so that the data is transmitted without problems. This paper shows a wireless network design, in which we use the information collected by the sensors of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) formed by Access Points (AP) to transmit the data to a network that monitors the crops and its irrigation system. In addition, through simulations, we show the maximum number of nodes that should be connected to an AP in order to have an efficient network. ; This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P. This work has also been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR. ; García-García, L.; Parra-Boronat, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Lloret, J.; Lorenz, P. (2018). Practical Design of a WSN to Monitor the Crop and its Irrigation System. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 10(4):35-52. https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v10i4.14147 ; S ; 35 ; 52 ; 10 ; 4

35 52 10 4 ; S ; [EN] Every day it becomes more necessary to control crops because of the environmental problems, such as the lack of water for irrigation. Therefore, the use of precision agriculture becomes more evident. When it comes to making decisions on crops, the need of applying the concept of Smart Agriculture, which focuses on utilizing different sensors and actuators, is evident. As the number of IoT devices used in agriculture grows exponentially, it is necessary to design the implemented network so that the data is transmitted without problems. This paper shows a wireless network design, in which we use the information collected by the sensors of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) formed by Access Points (AP) to transmit the data to a network that monitors the crops and its irrigation system. In addition, through simulations, we show the maximum number of nodes that should be connected to an AP in order to have an efficient network. This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P. This work has also been partially supported by European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR. García-García, L.; Parra-Boronat, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Lloret, J.; Lorenz, P. (2018). Practical Design of a WSN to Monitor the Crop and its Irrigation System. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 10(4):35-52. https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v10i4.14147

37 62 7 4 ; S ; [EN] Software Defined Networks (SDN) have become a new way to make dynamic topologies. They have great potential in both the creation and development of new network protocols and the inclusion of distributed artificial intelligence in the network. There are few emulators, like Mininet, that allow emulating a SDN in a single personal computer, but there is lack of works showing its performance and how it performs compared with real cases. This paper shows a performance comparison between Mininet and a real network when multimedia streams are being delivered. We are going to compare them in terms of consumed bandwidth (throughput), delay and jitter. Our study shows that there are some important differences when these parameters are compared. We hope that this research will be the basis to show the difference with real deployments when Mininet is used. Jimenez, JM.; Romero Martínez, JO.; Rego, A.; Dilendra, A.; Lloret, J. (2015). Study of Multimedia Delivery over Software Defined Networks. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 7(4):37-62. https://doi.org/10.5296/npa.v7i4.8794 ; This work has been supported by the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad", through the "Convocatoria 2014. Proyectos I+D - Programa Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia" in the "Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento", project TIN2014-57991-C3-1-P and the "programa para la Formación de Personal Investigador – (FPI-2015-S2-884)" by the"Universitat Politècnica de València".

[EN] The Internet of Underground Things (IoUT) is a novel concept regarding Internet of Things (IoT). It could have countless applications, particularly in agriculture as buried devices do not interfere with the machinery. Furthermore, wireless communication among buried and above ground devices would allow a significant cost reduction as wires would not need to be deployed and wires would not be destroyed by machinery or impede the correct performance of the activities performed by the workers of the field. In this paper, we perform a WiFi coverage study of ESP8266 nodes placed both underground and above ground so as to assess the current lack of knowledge in IoUT and the performance of low-cost controller boards for IoUT applications. Tests were performed with ESP8266 nodes buried at depths of 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm in a field located in an area of citrus fields. A node programmed as an AP (Access Point) was placed at several distances at a height of 50 cm. Results showed that the coverage was better for the node buried at a depth of 20 cm. ; This work has been partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR and by the European Union with the Fondo Europeo Agrícola de Desarrollo Rural (FEADER) Europa invierte en zonas rurales¿, the MAPAMA, and Comunidad de Madrid with the IMIDRA, under the mark of the PDR-CM 2014-2020 project number PDR18-XEROCESPED. ; García, L.; Parra-Boronat, L.; Jimenez, JM.; Lloret, J.; Abouaissa, A.; Lorenz, P. (2019). Internet of Underground Things ESP8266 WiFi Coverage Study. IARIA XPS Press. 1-6. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/180617 ; S ; 1 ; 6

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) provide a wireless network infrastructure for sensed data transport in environments where wired or satellite technologies cannot be used. Because the embedded hardware of the sensor nodes has been improved very much in the last years and the number of real deployments is increasing considerably, they have become a reliable option for the transmission of any type of sensed data, from few sensed measures to multimedia data. This paper proposes a new protocol that uses an ad hoc cluster based architecture which is able to adapt the logical sensor network topology to the delivered multimedia stream features, guaranteeing the quality of the communications. The proposed protocol uses the quality of service (QoS) parameters, such as bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss, of each type of multimedia stream as a basis for the sensor clusters creation and organization inside the WSN, providing end-to-end QoS for each multimedia stream. We present real experiments that show the performance of the protocol for several video and audio cases when it is running ; This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion," through the "Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011" in the "Subprograma de Proyectos de Investigacion Fundamental," Project TEC2011-27516. This work has also been partially supported by the Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Next Generation Networks and Applications Group (NetGNA), Portugal, by the Government of Russian Federation, Grant 074-U01, and by National Funding from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the PEst-OE/EEI/LA0008/2013 Project. ; Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J.; Jimenez, JM.; Rodrigues, JJPC. (2014). A QoS-Based Wireless Multimedia Sensor Cluster Protocol. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2014:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/480372 ; S ; 1 ; 17 ; 2014 ; Bri, D., Garcia, M., Lloret, J., & Dini, P. (2009). Real Deployments of Wireless Sensor Networks. 2009 Third International Conference on Sensor ...