Suchergebnisse

This work examines the claim of objects as explanatory protagonists of historical analysis against the perspective set forth in the book L´Histoire en miettes: des Annales à la «nouvelle histoire», by François Dosse (1987). This article aims to study the theoretical and epistemological turn regarding the historiographical approach. With this objective, we start from the family as an object of study, so that we place it between history and social sciences. It is precisely in the creation of the object, in the new analytical categories and in the renewal of the methods, where the true synthesis occurs as a contribution and creation of knowledge regarding the social organization and its operating processes.The system of social relations and the integration of individuals in the community provide families with the lead role in social change or resistance. Thus, factors such as hierarchy, intergenerational genealogies, domination, inequality and dependency are determined.
La reivindicación de los objetos como protagonistas explicativos del análisis histórico frente a la consideración de fragmentos tras el clásico, pero acertado para su contexto y momento histórico: L´Histoire en miettes: des Annales à la «nouvelle histoire», de François Dosse (1987), pretende ofrecer un giro teórico y epistemológico respecto al enfoque historiográfico. Para ello partimos del objeto Familia y lo situamos entre historia y ciencias sociales. Es, precisamente, en la creación del objeto, en las nuevas categorías analíticas y en la renovación de los métodos, donde se produce la verdadera síntesis en tanto que aportación y creación de conocimiento respecto a la organización social y sus procesos de funcionamiento.El sistema de relaciones sociales y la integración de los individuos en la comunidad, le otorga a las familias el protagonismo en el cambio social o en las resistencias. Se determinan así factores como jerarquía, genealogías intergeneracionales, dominación, desigualdad y dependencia.

Since the early 1960's, American and British diplomatic services have become interested in the problem of who would succeed Franco. The United States and Great Britain sought to influence a future regime change, which was to be moderate and favorable to their interests in Spain. But this required that both countries improve the image that Spanish public opinion held about their respective societies. To accomplish that goal, several public diplomacy initiatives were launched –the teaching of English had a leading role– that were designed to attract specific cultural sectors of Spanish society. This article analyzes the outreach of English teaching programs implemented by the governments of Washington and London, with support from philanthropic foundations and other private institutions during the last decades of Franco's Spain. The purpose of these programs was to promote the modernization of Spanish socio-economic and educational structures; and, consequently, to foster a climate of cultural affinity with the middle classes and Spanish elites in the face of an eventual replacement of the Franco dictatorship for a democratic regime. ; Desde principios de los años sesenta los servicios diplomáticos de los Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña comenzaron a interesarse por el problema de la sucesión de Franco. Americanos y británicos pretendían influir en un futuro cambio de régimen moderado y favorable a sus intereses en España. Pero para ello era necesario que ambos mejorasen la imagen que la opinión pública española tenía de sus respectivos países. Bajo este empeño pusieron en marcha diversas iniciativas de diplomacia pública, entre las que la enseñanza del inglés ocupó un papel principal, encaminadas a seducir culturalmente a determinados sectores de la sociedad española. Este artículo analiza los programas de difusión de la lengua inglesa desplegados por los gobiernos de Washington y Londres, con el apoyo de fundaciones filantrópicas y otras instituciones privadas, en la España del segundo franquismo. El fin de dichos programas fue el de fomentar la modernización de las estructuras socio-económicas y educativas del país y, en consecuencia, de crear un clima de afinidad cultural con las clases medias y las élites españolas de cara a la eventual sustitución del régimen una vez desaparecido el dictador.

The process of democratization has been a recurring feature of contemporary international affairs. This book will examine another major case of transition to democracy, that of post-Franco Spain, and consider the extent to which the efforts of the United States in nurturing that transition paid off

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an emerging problem in many parts of the world. Although animal-adapted LA-MRSA has been known for many years, recent reports suggest a possible increasing trend in the zoonotic transmission of LA-MRSA in Europe. Since its emergence in the early 2000's, several investigations have indicated that persons in prolonged, repeated contact with affected livestock are at a higher risk of becoming colonized with LA-MRSA. LA-MRSA monitoring in livestock is voluntary under current EU legislation, and not all member states, including the UK, participate. UK LA-MRSA isolates have been detected through scanning surveillance, where samples are submitted from clinically diseased livestock for diagnostic investigation, and research studies. Surveys conducted on retail beef, pig and poultry meat on sale in the UK have also detected LA-MRSA. Taken together these results suggest that LA-MRSA is present in the UK, possibly at low prevalence level, as suggested by available evidence. In this review, we examine the data available from UK livestock and animal products, and make recommendations for future. We also review the findings from whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the possible lineage of some UK livestock isolates.

Background: Canada has insufficient cardiac rehabilitation (CR) capacity, yet unmet need is unknown. Moreover, Canada has CR guidelines, but whether delivery conforms has not been characterized by province/territory. This study aimed to establish (1) CR volumes, capacity and density, as well as (2) the nature of programs, and (3) compare these by (a) province/territory and (b) to other high-income countries(HICs). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, an online survey was administered to CR programs globally. National cardiac associations were engaged to facilitate program identification where available, or local champions. Density was computed using Canada's Chronic Disease Surveillance System ischemic heart disease (IHD) incidence estimates. Twenty-eight HICs with CR were selected for comparison(N=619programs), and multi-level analyses performed. Results: CR was available in 10/13(76.9%)provinces(no programs in Canada's North), with 74 of182 programs initiating a survey (40.7%response).Program volumes (median=250) were greatest in Ontario, but ultimately there was only 1 CR spot per 4.55IHD patients nationally(similar in other HICs), and 186,187more spots are needed annually. Most programs were funded by government/hospital sources (n=48, 66.7%), but in 23(31.5%) patients paid some or all of program costs out-of-pocket. Guideline-indicated conditions were accepted in over 90% of programs. Programs had a multidisciplinary team of 6.2±2.1staff, offering 7.7±1.5/10 core components (varied by province, p=0.001; return-to-work offered less frequently than other HICs; p=0.03), over 42.0±26.0hours (provincial and other HIC differences, p<.001). Conclusion: Canadian CR capacity must be augmented, but where available, services are consistent with other HICs.

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease involving a cross-talk between epidermal and immune cells. The role of specific epidermal stem cell populations, including hair follicle stem cells (HF-SCs) in psoriasis is not well defined. Here, we show reduced expression of c-JUN and JUNB in bulge HF-SCs in patients with scalp psoriasis. Using lineage tracing in mouse models of skin inflammation with inducible deletion of c-Jun and JunB, we found that mutant bulge HF-SCs initiate epidermal hyperplasia and skin inflammation. Mechanistically, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was identified in mutant cells as a paracrine factor stimulating proliferation of neighboring non-mutant epidermal cells, while mutant inter-follicular epidermal (IFE) cells are lost over time. Blocking TSLP in psoriasis-like mice reduced skin inflammation and decreased epidermal proliferation, VEGFα expression, and STAT5 activation. These findings unravel distinct roles of HF-SCs and IFE cells in inflammatory skin disease and provide novel mechanistic insights into epidermal cell interactions in inflammation. ; We thank Drs. M. Serrano and M. Perez-Moreno for the Gt(ROSA)26Sortrn4(ACTB-tdTomato,-EGFP)Luo/J and K15-Cre-PGR mouse lines. We are very grateful to Drs. M. Perez-Moreno, F. Real, O. Uluckan, L. Bakiri and the laboratory members of the Sibilia and Wagner groups for critical reading of the manuscript and valuable suggestions. We thank V. Bermeo, G. Medrano, S. Leceta, O. Grana, and M. Perez for their technical help and IT support. We acknowledge R. Paus laboratory members for the shipment of hair follicle samples. N.G.L. received funding from the People programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no 608765. A.I is funded by the Institute of Health Carlos III (PI16/01430). The Wagner laboratory was funded by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and competitiveness (SAF2015-70857RE, cofounded by the European Regional Development Fund) and is ...

In the European Union, Czech Republic ranks 3rd and 6th for the incidence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Worldwide, short sleep duration and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) characterize obese subjects, which in turn exhibit scarce physical activity and unhealthy diet. We aimed to understand the relationship between irregular sleep patterns, obesity and lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, in a vulnerable Czech population. 1482 members of the Kardiovize cohort, a random sample of the Czech urban population, were included in a cross-sectional study. Exposure variables included self-reported sleep duration and EDS, assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Primary outcomes were BMI and waist-to-hip ratio or prevalence of obesity and central obesity. Covariates included physical activity and diet. Associations and interactions between variables were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. After adjustment for covariates, short sleep duration ( 25; OR = 1.42; 95%CI = 1.06–1.90; p = 0.020) and obesity (BMI > 30; OR = 1.40; 95%CI = 1.02–1.94; p = 0.047), while EDS was associated with greater odds of central obesity (OR = 1.72; 95%CI = 1.06–2.79; p = 0.030), independent of diet and physical activity. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of our study, further prospective, large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the etiological link and causality between sleep disturbances and obesity.

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. In the European Union, Czech Republic ranks 3rd and 6th for the incidence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Worldwide, short sleep duration and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) characterize obese subjects, which in turn exhibit scarce physical activity and unhealthy diet. We aimed to understand the relationship between irregular sleep patterns, obesity and lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, in a vulnerable Czech population. 1482 members of the Kardiovize cohort, a random sample of the Czech urban population, were included in a cross-sectional study. Exposure variables included self-reported sleep duration and EDS, assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Primary outcomes were BMI and waist-to-hip ratio or prevalence of obesity and central obesity. Covariates included physical activity and diet. Associations and interactions between variables were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. After adjustment for covariates, short sleep duration ( 25; OR = 1.42; 95%CI = 1.06–1.90; p = 0.020) and obesity (BMI > 30; OR = 1.40; 95%CI = 1.02–1.94; p = 0.047), while EDS was associated with greater odds of central obesity (OR = 1.72; 95%CI = 1.06–2.79; p = 0.030), independent of diet and physical activity. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of our study, further prospective, large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the etiological link and causality between sleep disturbances and obesity.