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The Nigerian economy has supported sustainable economic development with a variation of GDP for the past decades and at present. This research is to investigate the current relationship between the determinants of economic development and GDP in Nigeria for the period 1981 to 2017. This study used household final expenditure, FDI, government spending, export, and import to predict the variation of GDP. Initially, we performed the three root unit tests for each selected variable to validate whether the series is stationary or not before determining an optimal lag order and cointegration equation between the series. To assess the relationship within the variables, we applied Johansen cointegration tests. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to evaluate the optimum lag order. The error correction term (ECT) was calculated to measure the GDP's adjustment speed to its equilibrium point. Also, Granger causality effects were assessed and the variance decomposition of the forecast error was also predicted. The results from ADF, PP, and KPSS test gave a strong conclusion that the series is stationary at the first difference. An adjustment coefficient value (-0.0858) implies an 8.58 percent-speed correction of the preceding year's deviation from the long run. The ECT's significant p-values (0.0187) showed a long-run relationship between the selected independent variables and GDP. Thus, the estimated error variance of 67.13 percent of GDP would be triggered in the long term by FDI net inflows. So, it means that FDI has a major effect on the Nigerian economy and GDP variation. From FDI to household consumption, government spending, import, as well as export, unidirectional causality effect of Granger was observed. Our study recommends policymakers concentrate on foreign direct investment inflows to ensure sustainable economic development to enhance the GDP value in this country. Policymakers are strongly encouraged to ensure political and economic stability to attract more foreign investors. Financial resources ...

AbstractOver the last 20 years, university–industry–government collaborative innovation has received extensive attention in theory and practice. However, the question of how to integrate and understand collaborative innovation from a theoretical perspective has not been thoroughly studied. This study designed a regional collaborative innovation evaluation model based on the triple helix theory. The invention patent data of 31 provincial regions in China for the last 5 years are used to investigate the regional differences and dynamic evolution of the collaborative innovation and the interaction and coupling relationship between intraregional and interregional industries, universities, and governments empirically. This study found that the number of invention patents in China has rapidly grown yearly, indicating that industries are the most important source of invention patents. The difference in the regional distribution of China's collaborative innovation output is remarkable, showing a pattern of "strong east and weak west" in the total volume and "south fast north slow" in the growth rate. The bilateral synergistic effect of industry–university relations is strong considering two‐dimensional cooperation, and the relationship is close. Collaborative innovation is dominated by intraregional cooperation, whereas interregional cooperation shows a growing trend. The tripartite relationship between university, industry, and government shows a loose trend. Certain provinces with weak regional innovation capabilities, such as Gansu, Hainan, Xinjiang, and Qinghai, have a relatively close cooperation level, which is in the stage of government‐led innovation and development. However, Guangdong, Chongqing, Anhui, Jiangsu, and other provinces with outstanding regional innovation capability do not have close cooperation between universities, industries, and governments, which are in the stage of innovation and development led by industries. This paper discusses the policy implications for different regions based on the research conclusions.

The effects of intrapersonal emotion on consumers' behavior have long been studied, but the effects of interpersonal emotions on public's intentions remain poorly understood. People often get angry when they observe injustice with others but not themselves. Drawing on emotions as social information theory, we investigated how perceived public condemnation (knowledge that other also condemn a particular norm violation by an organization) affects the moral outrage of public and their future intentions toward the organization. A quantitative study was empirically examined through a sample of 107 users of a leading riding service in Pakistan. Data were analyzed through statistical tools (IBM SPSS & AMOS 21). Finding shows that perceived public condemnation was positively correlated with moral outrage and avoidance intentions of individuals. However, moral outrage mediates the association between perceived public condemnation and avoidance intentions of the public. The implications highlight the importance of a community's social norms and values to gauge the organization's reputation in people's eyes.

Through the upper echelons and institutional theories, this study examines how top management team (TMT) innovation orientation and institutional support facilitate organisational learning and pave the way for innovation performance. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted using 552 entrepreneurial enterprises in mainland China. Our findings indicate that TMT innovation orientation positively mediates the relationship between organisational learning and innovation performance. Likewise, we found that institutional support positively moderates the relationship between organisational learning and TMT innovation orientation. The implications draw TMTs' attention to consider enriching their innovation orientation by leveraging institutional support for their organisational learning and explorative and exploitative innovation performance. Lastly, government-tailored policies are essential to augment TMT innovation orientation to benefit their organisational learning and innovation performance.