Suchergebnisse

Samenvatting

1. Putting a social psychological spotlight on economic inequality -- Section 1: Inequality in organizational contexts -- 2. Fat cats and thin followers: Excessive CEO pay may reduce ability to lead -- 3. Gender inequality in economic resources -- 4. Societal income inequality and coping with work-related economic stressors: A resource perspective -- 5. A rising tide lifts few boats but leaves behind many others: The harms of inequality-induced status seeking and the remedial effects of employee ownership -- Section 2: Inequality in educational contexts -- 6. Social class differences in social integration at university: Implications for academic outcomes and mental health -- 7. Educational Inequalities: The social and cultural factors and social identity processes that underpin educational inequalities between social classes -- 8. The paradoxical role of meritocratic selection in the perpetuation of social inequalities at school -- 9. Education and social class: Highlighting how the educational system perpetuates social inequality -- Section 3: Consequences of inequality on preferences and behaviours -- 10. The psychological consequences of inequality for food intake -- 11. Income inequality and women's competition: Implications for consumption, status-seeking and self-sexualization -- 12. Developmental perspectives on economic inequality -- 13. Inequality and risk-taking behaviours -- 14. Inequality from the bottom up: Psychological consequences of being poor in a rich country -- Section 4: Why does inequality have these negative outcomes? -- 15. Income inequality and social status: The social rank and material rank hypotheses -- 16. Identifying the psychological mechanism(s) underlying the effects of inequality on society: The Macro-micro model of Inequality and RElative Deprivation (MIRED) -- 17. Social inequality and status stress -- 18. Do people want more wealth and status in unequal societies? -- 19. Inequality and class consciousness -- Section 5: Why and how is inequality maintained? -- 20. The language of inequality -- 21. Mutual status stereotypes maintain inequality -- 22. Everything in its right place: Tradition, order, and the legitimation of longstanding inequality -- 23. Understanding the nature and consequences of social mobility beliefs -- 24. Social sampling, perceptions of wealth distribution and support for redistribution

Cover -- Half-title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Part I What We Know (or Think We Know) -- 1 Recognising the Elephant -- 2 Tracing the Origins of 'Harsh Times' Assumptions -- 3 Empirical Evidence for the 'Harsh Times Producing Hard Attitudes' Hypothesis -- Part II Broadening Our Horizon: The 'Wealth Paradox' -- 4 Rethinking the Relationship between Wealth and Tolerance: National, Regional and Local Trends -- 5 Development Aid, Charitable Giving and Economic Prosperity -- 6 The Relative Nature of Wealth -- Part III Understanding the 'Wealth Paradox' -- 7 Towards an Explanation of the Wealth Paradox: Introducing Social Identity Theorising -- 8 The Wealth Paradox Explained -- 9 The Missing Link: Crafty Politicians Galvanising Latent Sentiments -- Final Word -- References -- Index.

Economic inequality has been linked to profound negative impacts due to its corrosive effect on social relations, and fairness is central to this. In line with social cure theorising, we propose that identification with (superordinate) groups can buffer against these effects. Study 1 ( N = 400) found that perceived fairness of inequality was negatively associated with helping attitudes, but this was attenuated among those who identified more strongly with a superordinate group. Study 2 ( N = 315) focused on perceived fairness of inequality and an expanded range of prosocial outcomes. Perceptions that inequality was fairer were associated with worse prosocial outcomes. However, these relationships were attenuated among those who reported belonging to more groups and those who identified strongly with the superordinate group. These studies highlight the role that group memberships and superordinate identification may play in countering the corrosive effects of societal inequality on prosocial behaviour.

The assumption that populist right‐wing parties (PRWPs) thrive when the economy slows down is remarkably pervasive. What is often neglected is evidence showing PRWPs can thrive in times of economic prosperity. To examine this, we conducted an experiment in which participants were exposed to different appraisals of the future of the national economy and were subsequently asked to evaluate an anti‐immigration speech (Study 1). Results showed stronger anti‐immigrant sentiments when the national economy was presented as prospering rather than contracting. We then analyzed speeches by PRWP leaders who secured electoral victories during economic prosperity (Study 2) and found that these leaders encourage a sense of injustice and victimhood by portraying ordinary citizens as the victim of an alliance between powerful groups (the elite) and less powerful groups (refugees, immigrants, minorities). More specifically, Study 2 showed that PRWP leaders are crafty identity entrepreneurs who are able to turn objective relative gratification into perceived relative deprivation. We conclude that it is hence problematic to treat PRWP support as evidence of "resonance" with public sentiments and urge PRWP scholars interested in supply‐side factors to engage with the social identity literature on leadership, followership, and social influence.

"With contributions from leading scholars in the field, Rebels in Groups brings together the latest research on dissent, deviance, difference and defiance. Many of the most famous figures in psychology - Asch, Milgram and Zimbardo and others - have emphasized the pressures to conform and obey which are present in groups, and focused on the positive value that groups place on loyalty and uniformity. From this perspective, dissent, deviance, difference and defiance have been regarded as detrimental forces within groups: reflections of a lack of group loyalty, a sign of disengagement or delinquent behaviour. Contrary to traditional views, this book presents an approach which considers rebellion to be a normal, functional and healthy aspect of group life. Rebels in Groups presents the latest thinking on these issues by examining a broad range of groups - such as political groups, task groups, and teams in organisations - and by considering diverse fields of psychology, including social, organizational, and developmental psychology. In the process, it shows how new approaches to the study of dissent, deviance, difference and defiance have refined our theorizing in this area and shed a more nuanced light upon the role of rebels in groups"--Provided by publisher

The present research examines why organizations with more unequal pay structures have been found to be characterized by a range of negative workplace outcomes. Drawing on the social identity approach, we propose that higher pay disparity can increase the comparative fit of pay categories whereby the organizational "haves" (the highest paid employees) and "have nots" (the lowest paid employees) are more likely to be categorized into distinct social groups. In turn, this can lead to poorer organizational functioning. In two studies, a field survey ( N = 413) and an experiment ( N = 286), we found that higher pay inequality increased the comparative fit of pay categories, which, in turn, was associated with lower superordinate (organizational) identification, higher perceived workplace conflict, higher leader toxicity, and lower perceptions of identity leadership (i.e., a leader who creates a sense of shared identity in the organization). Our research provides novel insights into how higher inequality affects employees' categorization processes, thereby creating a psychological divide and contributing to organizational dysfunction.

Abstract. What narrative is deemed most compelling to justify anti-immigrant sentiments when a country's economy is not a cause for concern? We predicted that flourishing economies constrain the viability of realistic threat arguments. We found support for this prediction in an experiment in which participants were asked to take on the role of speechwriter for a leader with an anti-immigrant message (N = 75). As predicted, a greater percentage of realistic threat arguments and fewer symbolic threat arguments were generated in a condition in which the economy was expected to decline than when it was expected to grow or a baseline condition. Perhaps more interesting, in the economic growth condition, the percentage realistic entitlements and symbolic threat arguments generated were higher than when the economy was declining. We conclude that threat narratives to provide a legitimizing discourse for anti-immigrant sentiments are tailored to the economic context.

Anomie, as defined by sociologists, refers to a state of society characterized by deregulation and erosion of moral values. In the present conceptual analysis, we bring the concept of anomie under a social psychological spotlight. We explore the conditions under which anomie arises and develop a model outlining various responses to anomie. We define anomie as a shared perception of the state of society and propose that two conditions must be met for anomie to emerge. First, a society's social fabric must be perceived to be breaking down (i.e., lack of trust and erosion of moral standards). Second, a society's leadership must be perceived to be breaking down (i.e., lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). We highlight two key responses of individuals to an anomic situation: a contraction of the personal self and a contraction of the social self. We discuss how a psychology of anomie can inform and advance broader theorizing on group processes.

The present research investigated the intergroup allocation behavior of members of low-status groups. In two studies where status relations were either relatively illegitimate (Study 1, N = 139) or legitimate (Study 2, N = 114), undergraduate students completed a minimal group resource allocation task that took into account the intergroup status hierarchy. In both studies, members of low-status groups showed two forms of in-group favoritism. They selected resource allocation choices that (a) compensated for their low status and led to intergroup fairness ( compensatory favoritism) and (b) competed with the out-group for status and led to positive distinctiveness for the in-group ( competitive favoritism). These results suggest that members of low-status groups use in-group favoritism to make their group (a) as good as the high-status out-group and (b) better than the high-status out-group. The findings support the idea that in-group favoritism can serve different functions.