Suchergebnisse

Abstract
This article aims to analyze the impact of memory on security/foreign policy using the example of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina's bilateral relations. The basis for these considerations is the concept of ontological security. It indicates the construction of the identity of the state and is implemented through political decisions and social practices (for example remembering important historical events). Here, memory is treated as a social construct. In addition, the article focuses on memory leading to the formation of state identity, also seen in the international sphere. Historical memory has a considerable impact on bilateral relations between countries that used to be in conflict, like Serbia and BiH. In the example analyzed, leaders use historical memory to create separate identities, commemorate chosen and appropriate victims/heroes or important dates, historical sites, monuments events and develop selective narratives. The most significant elements in the analysis of the historical memory of Serbia and BiH relations are (1) the goals of foreign and security policy of Serbia and BiH (2) the contemporary narrative of the Srebrenica genocide and its perception by governments of Serbia, BiH, and by Bosnian Serbs and Bosniaks, and (3) an official Srebrenica commemoration (memorials, Srebrenica Memorial Day).

The Position of National Minorities in Serbia – Their Legal Protection and ConflictsNational minorities constitute almost fourteen percent of the population of the Republic of Serbia. The main aim of the article is to present the mechanism for the protection of minority rights in the country. The author also compares them with the corresponding European standards. Moreover, she discusses in detail some of the major political, cultural, educational, linguistic, and social problems of the minorities living in this territory.The article thus deals with the following minorities: Albanians who live in southern Serbia, Muslims from Sanjak, Hungarians from Vojvodina (the second biggest minority in Serbia), as well as the Vlachs, Romanians and Roma people, who are scattered all over the country. All of these ethnic minorities are indeed strongly demanding legal protection from the state. The issues of their distribution and status in the light of their ethnicity versus the global society are also tackled in the article.

Nationalism in Slobodan Milošević's SpeechesThe fall of Yugoslavia showed economic, national, ideological and political problems. Thus, there was a strong rise of hidden nationalisms among nations living on the same territory, such as Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Montenegrin and Macedonian from the 1980s.The aim of the article is to show how Slobodan Milošević's nationalism was rising in his speeches in the period between 1988 (when he came to power) and 1992 (when the new constitution of FRY was adopted). The author analyzed eleven speeches made during the debates in the Serbian Parliament, during sessions of the Socialist Party of Serbia and during meetings with people in such cities as Gazimestan, Belgrade, Novi Sad, Bor and Niš. In his speeches Milošević raised such subjects as the question of Yugoslavia, the question of Serbian nation living on the whole territory of Yugoslavia, the role of Serbia in the creation of Yugoslavia. Additionally, he was blaming "enemies" (such as Slovenia, Croatia, Albanians from Kosovo) for the collapse of Yugoslavia and the war in the 1990s. He was using a language of populism and propaganda to enhance his goals and tried to be emotionally close to his nation.

Nationalism in Slobodan Milošević's SpeechesThe fall of Yugoslavia showed economic, national, ideological and political problems. Thus, there was a strong rise of hidden nationalisms among nations living on the same territory, such as Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Montenegrin and Macedonian from the 1980s.The aim of the article is to show how Slobodan Milošević's nationalism was rising in his speeches in the period between 1988 (when he came to power) and 1992 (when the new constitution of FRY was adopted). The author analyzed eleven speeches made during the debates in the Serbian Parliament, during sessions of the Socialist Party of Serbia and during meetings with people in such cities as Gazimestan, Belgrade, Novi Sad, Bor and Niš. In his speeches Milošević raised such subjects as the question of Yugoslavia, the question of Serbian nation living on the whole territory of Yugoslavia, the role of Serbia in the creation of Yugoslavia. Additionally, he was blaming "enemies" (such as Slovenia, Croatia, Albanians from Kosovo) for the collapse of Yugoslavia and the war in the 1990s. He was using a language of populism and propaganda to enhance his goals and tried to be emotionally close to his nation.

The Position of National Minorities in Serbia – Their Legal Protection and ConflictsNational minorities constitute almost fourteen percent of the population of the Republic of Serbia. The main aim of the article is to present the mechanism for the protection of minority rights in the country. The author also compares them with the corresponding European standards. Moreover, she discusses in detail some of the major political, cultural, educational, linguistic, and social problems of the minorities living in this territory.The article thus deals with the following minorities: Albanians who live in southern Serbia, Muslims from Sanjak, Hungarians from Vojvodina (the second biggest minority in Serbia), as well as the Vlachs, Romanians and Roma people, who are scattered all over the country. All of these ethnic minorities are indeed strongly demanding legal protection from the state. The issues of their distribution and status in the light of their ethnicity versus the global society are also tackled in the article.

The article aims to analyse the impact of historical memory on foreign and security policy using the example of the Serbia – Kosovo relations in the period of 2014-2019. Historical memory is a burden, challenge and opportunity for foreign and security policy, and has a considerable impact on bilateral relations between countries which used to be in conflict. Historical memory generates numerous research questions – who is the architect of memory? what are the actors? what are the mechanisms, tools and instruments of its creation? how is it used to maintain power and what are its effects? – to name but a few. In the example analysed, leaders use historical memory to create separate identities and gain power, whereas NGOs do it to commemorate victims. Historical memory is present in celebrating important dates, historical places, monuments and events, and creating national heroes. It also draws attention to the stereotypes in school textbooks and to transitional justice. The most important space for historical memory in the analysis is Kosovo and the role of an international organisation – the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Historical memory has an important function in the process of regional reconciliation, which is an essential condition for cooperation and security in the Western Balkans.

Contemporary Serbia is engaged in two significant political processes: the membership to the European Union and admission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. The cooperation with the EU was established in the 90s of 20 century, and than slowly evolved. Serbia become an official candidate in 2009 and in January 2014th the accession negotiations has started. Main obstacles and challenges are: the conflict over Kosovo, cooperation with ICTY and Serbian-Croatian unresolved issues.Secondly, Serbia is cooperating with NATO in the area of security policy devoted to prevention of interethnic relations, peace building and security sector reforms. In 2006, the country joined the Partnership for Peace. The main barriers still remain the status of Kosovo and a memory of the 78-day air campaign in 1999.Thirdly, Serbia is also collaborating with Russia in economic, military and energy sector, in ex: Serbia has had an observer status in the Collective Security Treaty Organisation from 2013.Key words: Republic of Serbia; NATO; UE; Russia. ЄВРО-АТЛАНТИЧНА ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ СЕРБІЇ – ПЕРЕШКОДИ ТА ПРІОРИТЕТИСучасна Сербія бере участь у двох важливих політичних процесах, таких як членство в Європейському Союзі та приєднання до НАТО. Відносини з ЄС були започатковані вже в 90-х роках XX ст. і поступово розвивалися. Сербія стала офіційним кандидатом на членство в ЄС 2009 р., а в січні 2014 р. розпочала негоціації щодо вступу. До головних перешкод належали відносини Сербія–Косово, співпраця з Міжнародним судом та сербсько-хорватські відносини.Республіка Сербія співпрацює з НАТО в галузі політики безпеки, пов'язаної з поліпшенням міжетнічних відносин, побудовою миру та реформами в секторі безпеки. Головним бар'єром у двосторонніх відносинах залишається проблема Косова та пам'ять про 78-денні повітряні нальоти на Сербію 1999 р.Крім того, Сербія співпрацює з Росією у військовій, економічній та енергетичній галузях, а з 2013 р. має статус спостерігача в Організації договору про колективну безпеку. Двосторонні відносини з Росією помітно впливають на євроатлантичні відносини Сербії. Ключові слова: Республіка Сербія; НАТО; ЄС; Росія. ; Сучасна Сербія бере участь у двох важливих політичних процесах, таких як членство в Європейському Союзі та приєднання до НАТО. Відносини з ЄС були започатковані вже в 90-х роках XX ст. і поступово розвивалися. Сербія стала офіційним кандидатом на членство в ЄС 2009 р., а в січні 2014 р. розпочала негоціації щодо вступу. До головних перешкод належали відносини Сербія–Косово, співпраця з Міжнародним судом та сербсько-хорватські відносини.Республіка Сербія співпрацює з НАТО в галузі політики безпеки, пов'язаної з поліпшенням міжетнічних відносин, побудовою миру та реформами в секторі безпеки. Головним бар'єром у двосторонніх відносинах залишається проблема Косова та пам'ять про 78-денні повітряні нальоти на Сербію 1999 р.Крім того, Сербія співпрацює з Росією у військовій, економічній та енергетичній галузях, а з 2013 р. має статус спостерігача в Організації договору про колективну безпеку. Двосторонні відносини з Росією помітно впливають на євроатлантичні відносини Сербії. Ключові слова: Республіка Сербія; НАТО; ЄС; Росія.