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International audience ; Nowadays transporting hazardous materials (Hazmat) through city roads increases and according that, risks of the transportation of Hazmat have grown up and attracted researchers' focuses. This paper provides a mathematical model for location-routing problem (LRP) to reducing two important objectives in hazardous materials transportation. The model locates facilities to establish and selects the best paths reaching customers to minimizing two objectives of the problem. Risk is first objective and in prior for all the Hazmat transportation studies. Risk is the probability of Hazmat transportation and population exposure around facilities location and during transportation routes. The second objective is minimizing total costs that contain costs of establishment of located facilities and costs of Hazmat transportation between facilities to customers. Mathematical model minimizes the two objectives for management decisions to satisfy governments, society, environment concerns and reducing probability of fatalities may cause by transportation of hazardous materials. The proposed model is mixed-integer linear programming that coded and solved in GAMS. Applicability of the model determined by a numerical example that showed at the end of the paper.

The primary concern of justice department law enforcement as the arms of the criminal justice system is the rapid discovery of the crime. This article seeks to investigate the attitude of Iran's criminal policy or, more specifically, Iran's criminal policy towards the observance of the right to remain silent in trials. In line with this, the problem of the study translates into the question: what are the results of the observance of the right to silence of the accused in the different stages of the criminal process? Utilizing the documentary investigation method, issues related to the right of the accused to remain silent in Iran's criminal proceedings at the stage of discovery of the crime, the initial investigation stage, and the trial stage in Iran's laws on criminal procedures were investigated seminally. Among the main conclusions is that Iran's trial system, which was in line with the inquisitorial trial system, changed its procedures with the passage of the law on criminal trial procedures in 2013 and was influenced by the effect of international human rights regulations.

An understanding of the doping and ion distributions in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) is required to approach a realistic conduction model which can precisely explain the electrochemical reactions, p-n junction formation, and ion dynamics in the active layer and to provide relevant information about LECs for systematic improvement of function and manufacture. Here, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy is used to monitor anion density profile and polymer structure in situ and for time-resolved mapping of electrochemical doping in an LEC under bias. The results are in very good agreement with the electrochemical doping model with respect to ion redistribution and formation of a dynamic p-n junction in the active layer. We also physically slow ions by decreasing the working temperature and study frozen-junction formation and immobilization of ions in a fixed-junction LEC device by FTIR imaging. The obtained results show irreversibility of the ion redistribution and polymer doping in a fixed-junction device. In addition, we demonstrate that infrared microscopy is a useful tool for in situ characterization of electroactive organic materials. ; Funding Agencies|Power Papers project from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [2011-0050]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [SFO-Mat-LiU 2009-00971]

The psychometrics of instruments in safety performance evaluation is essential for the accreditation of an organization's safety evaluation and has been emphasized in many studies. Psychometrics pertains to the validity and reliability of an evaluation instrument and describes its precision and consistency. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometrics of safety level and safety culture questionnaires to provide a reliable and valid instrument for safety performance evaluation in industries. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted with the intention of psychometric instruments used to evaluate the safety level and the safety climate at the Mapna Pars power plant generator manufacturing and engineering company. The face validity of the questionnaires was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. In the quantitative method, the importance of the influence score was applied and the content validity was calculated using the Lawshe method. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were also used. For this purpose, elicitation was obtained from experts within the professional health and safety community. The reliability of the instruments was determined via the Cronbach's alpha test and the Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) test. Finally, the standardized questionnaires were used to evaluate the safety level and safety climate of the industry as a case study. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software solution v20. Based on the quantitative face validity results obtained at the Mapna Pars Company, one question was removed from each of the final instruments. The content reliability analysis revealed that the safety level questionnaire had a CRI of 0.99, CVR of 0.91, and was accepted. The safety climate questionnaire had an acceptable CVI of 0.95 and an acceptable CVR of 0.82. Regarding the reliability analysis, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.72 and 0.89 was obtained for the safety level questionnaire and the safety climate questionnaire, respectively. It can be concluded that both questionnaires had an acceptable level of internal consistency. The re-application of the questionnaires after two weeks revealed a relatively consistent safety level (ICC=0.90) and safety climate (ICC=0.74). Analyzing the data obtained in the present study showed that the safety level questionnaire with 66 questions and the safety climate questionnaire with 93 questions had acceptable validity and reliability. Thus, it may provide a useful approach for safety evaluations in similar industries.

The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has shown promise as air electrode in renewable energy technologies like metal-air batteries and fuel cells. PEDOT is based on atomic elements of high abundance and is synthesized at low temperature from solution. The mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) over chemically polymerized PEDOT: Cl still remains controversial with eventual role of transition metal impurities. However, regardless of the mechanistic route, we here demonstrate yet another key active role of PEDOT in the ORR mechanism. Our study demonstrates the decoupling of conductivity (intrinsic property) from electrocatalysis (as an extrinsic phenomenon) yielding the evidence of doping of the polymer by oxygen during ORR. Hence, the PEDOT electrode is electrochemically reduced (undoped) in the voltage range of ORR regime, but O-2 keeps it conducting; ensuring PEDOT to act as an electrode for the ORR. The interaction of oxygen with the polymer electrode is investigated with a battery of spectroscopic techniques. ; Funding Agencies|European Research Council (ERC) [307596]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation; Wenner-Gren Foundations; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [0-3D]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009 00971]

The stability of organic solar cells (OSCs) is critical for practical applications of this emerging technology. Unfortunately, in spite of intensive investigations, the degradation mechanisms in OSCs have not been clearly understood yet. In this report, we employ a range of spectroscopic and transport measurements, coupled with drift-diffusion modelling, to investigate the light-induced degradation mechanisms of fullerene-based OSCs. We find that trap states formed in the fullerene phase under illumination play a critical role in the degradation of the open-circuit voltage (V-OC) in OSCs. Our results indicate that the degradation is intrinsic to the fullerenes in OSCs and that alternative acceptor materials are desired for the development of stable OSCs. ; Funding Agencies|National Basic Research Program of China [2015CB932200]; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu [BK20140952, BK20150043]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [11474164, 61405091, 61634001]; European Union [2016YFE0112000]; Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays; National High Technology Research and Development Program of China [2011AA050520]; Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor program, Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC); Swedish Research Council (VR); European Commission SOLAR-ERA-NET; Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten); Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University [2009-00971]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation (KAW)