Suchergebnisse

I Stress and Strain -- 1. Introductory -- 2. Stress. Definitions and notation -- 3. Stresses in two dimensions -- 4. Stresses in three dimensions -- 5. Mohr's representation of stress in three dimensions -- 6. Displacement and strain. Introduction -- 7. The geometry of finite homogeneous strain in two dimensions -- 8. Finite homogeneous strain in three dimensions -- 9. Mohr's representation of finite homogeneous strain without rotation -- 10. Infinitesimal strain in two dimensions -- 11. Infinitesimal strain in three dimensions -- II Behaviour of Actual Materials -- 12. Introductory -- 13. The stress-strain relations for a perfectly elastic isotropic solid -- 14. Special cases: biaxial stress and strain -- 15. Strain-energy -- 16. Anisotropic substances -- 17. Finite hydrostatic strain -- 18. Natural strain -- 19. The equations of viscosity -- 20. Fracture and yield -- 21. The maximum shear stress theory of fracture and its generalizations -- 22. Mohr's theory of fracture -- 23. Earth pressure -- 24. The Griffith theory of brittle strength -- 25. Strain theories of failure -- 26. The tensile test on ductile materials -- 27. Yield criteria -- 28. The yield surface -- 29. The equations of plasticity -- 30. Substances with composite properties -- III Equations of Motion and Equilibrium -- 31. Introductory -- 32. Simple problems illustrating the behaviour of elastic, viscous, plastic and Bingham substances -- 33. The elastic equations of motion -- 34. The elastic equations of equilibrium -- 35. Special cases of the equations of elasticity -- 36. Special problems in elasticity -- 37. Wave propagation -- 38. Elastic waves -- 39. The equations of motion of a viscous fluid -- 40. Special problems in viscosity -- 41. Plastic flow in two dimensions -- IV Applications -- 42. Introductory -- 43. Experimental results on the mechanical properties of rocks -- 44. Systems having one or more planes of weakness -- 45. Porous media -- 46. Further discussion of criteria for failure -- 47. Stresses and faulting in the crust -- 48. The Coulomb-Navier theory in terms of invariants -- 49. The representation of two-dimensional stress fields -- 50. Stresses around openings -- 51. The use of the complex variable -- 52. Displacements -- 53. Underground measurements and their results -- 54. Measurement of rock properties -- 55. Effects of flaws, size and stress gradient -- 56. The complete stress-strain curve -- V Applications to Structural Geology -- 57. Introductory -- 58. Combination of strains -- 59. Determination of finite strain from deformed objects -- 60. Progressive deformation -- 61. Analysis of strain in folding -- 62. Instability theory: folding and kinking -- 63. Development of preferred orientations of ellipsoidal particles -- Notation -- Author Index.

Expertise in research integration and implementation is an essential but often overlooked component of tackling complex societal and environmental problems. We focus on expertise relevant to any complex problem, especially contributory expertise, divided into 'knowing-that' and 'knowing-how.' We also deal with interactional expertise and the fact that much expertise is tacit. We explore three questions. First, in examining 'when is expertise in research integration and implementation required?,' we review tasks essential (a) to developing more comprehensive understandings of complex problems, plus possible ways to address them, and (b) for supporting implementation of those understandings into government policy, community practice, business and social innovation, or other initiatives. Second, in considering 'where can expertise in research integration and implementation currently be found?,' we describe three realms: (a) specific approaches, including interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, systems thinking and sustainability science; (b) case-based experience that is independent of these specific approaches; and (c) research examining elements of integration and implementation, specifically considering unknowns and fostering innovation. We highlight examples of expertise in each realm and demonstrate how fragmentation currently precludes clear identification of research integration and implementation expertise. Third, in exploring 'what is required to strengthen expertise in research integration and implementation?,' we propose building a knowledge bank. We delve into three key challenges: compiling existing expertise, indexing and organising the expertise to make it widely accessible, and understanding and overcoming the core reasons for the existing fragmentation. A growing knowledge bank of expertise in research integration and implementation on the one hand, and accumulating success in addressing complex societal and environmental problems on the other, will form a virtuous cycle so that each strengthens the other. Building a coalition of researchers and institutions will ensure this expertise and its application are valued and sustained.

Expertise in research integration and implementation is an essential but often overlooked component of tackling complex societal and environmental problems. We focus on expertise relevant to any complex problem, especially contributory expertise, divided into 'knowing-that' and 'knowing-how.' We also deal with interactional expertise and the fact that much expertise is tacit. We explore three questions. First, in examining 'when is expertise in research integration and implementation required?,' we review tasks essential (a) to developing more comprehensive understandings of complex problems, plus possible ways to address them, and (b) for supporting implementation of those understandings into government policy, community practice, business and social innovation, or other initiatives. Second, in considering 'where can expertise in research integration and implementation currently be found?,' we describe three realms: (a) specific approaches, including interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, systems thinking and sustainability science; (b) case-based experience that is independent of these specific approaches; and (c) research examining elements of integration and implementation, specifically considering unknowns and fostering innovation. We highlight examples of expertise in each realm and demonstrate how fragmentation currently precludes clear identification of research integration and implementation expertise. Third, in exploring 'what is required to strengthen expertise in research integration and implementation?,' we propose building a knowledge bank. We delve into three key challenges: compiling existing expertise, indexing and organising the expertise to make it widely accessible, and understanding and overcoming the core reasons for the existing fragmentation. A growing knowledge bank of expertise in research integration and implementation on the one hand, and accumulating success in addressing complex societal and environmental problems on the other, will form a virtuous cycle so that each strengthens the other. Building a coalition of researchers and institutions will ensure this expertise and its application are valued and sustained.