Suchergebnisse

In 1979, the West Virginia Supreme Court remanded to the trial court the highly controversial Pauley v. Bailey decision. Subsequently, the trial court judge, Arthur Recht, following the specific instructions of the Supreme Court, ruled the public school finance system unconstitutional. Justice Recht ordered the West Virginia Legislature to develop a state system for funding the public schools that would comply with the constitutional mandate to provide a system of public schools that was "thorough and efficient" (West Virginia Constitution Art. 13 Section 1). Thus, West Virginia joined six other states that have ruled their state systems for financing public schools violative of their respective state constitutions. The purpose of this study was to identify the historical circumstances affecting the public school finance system which ultimately led to the Pauley decision. In addition, the study traced and chronicled the legislative and judicial attempts to implement Pauley through the end of the West Virginia Legislature in 1984. ; Ph. D. ; incomplete_metadata

Intro -- EMISSIONS CONTROL IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION -- EMISSIONS CONTROL IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 CARBON CONTROL IN THE U.S. ELECTRICITY SECTOR: KEY IMPLEMENTATION UNCERTAINTIES* -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION -- Electricity-Efficiency Potential -- Impacts from Electricity-Efficiency Initiatives -- Uncertainty about the Efficiency Opportunity -- RENEWABLE ENERGY -- Wind Power -- Transmission Requirements -- Transmission Grid Uncertainty -- Biomass Power Generation -- Biomass Fuel Supply -- Biomass Fuel Uncertainty -- NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION -- Nuclear Power Construction Uncertainty -- ADVANCED COAL-FIRED POWER GENERATION -- Uncertainty in Coal Plant Financing and Approval -- CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION -- CCS Technology Uncertainty -- PLUG-IN ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES -- DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES -- POLICY ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- Possible Outcomes for Carbon Control -- Underperformance of Individual CO Measures -- Failure of the CO Mitigation Portfolio -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS* -- ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Electric Power Generation Using Coal -- 2. COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS -- 2.1. Coals Burned in U.S. EGUs -- 2.2. Coal Utilization in U.S. EGUs -- 2.2.1. Stoker-Fired Coal Combustion -- 2.2.2. Pulverized-Coal Combustion -- 2.2.3. Cyclone Coal Combustion -- 2.2.4. Fluidized-Bed Combustion -- 2.2.5. Coal Gasification -- 2.3. GHG Emissions from Coal-Fired EGUs -- 2.4. Factors Impacting Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions -- 2.4.1. Impact of Coal Rank on CO2 Emissions from EGUs -- 2.4.2 Impact of Coal-Fired EGU Efficiency on CO2 Emissions -- 2.4.3. Impact of SO2 Controls on Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions

Intro -- FRESHWATER FISH AND MUSSEL BIOINDICATORS OF NORTH AMERICA -- FRESHWATER FISH AND MUSSEL BIOINDICATORS OF NORTH AMERICA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO FRESHWATER FISHES AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS∗ -- NOTICE -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CONSERVATION OF FISHES -- BASIC FISH ANATOMY -- FISH AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Commonly Used Terms -- Biological Indicator -- Biological Integrity -- Indicator Organism -- Ecological Health -- Trophic Classification of Fish -- Piscivores -- Herbivores -- Omnivores -- Insectivores -- Filter feeders -- Invertivores -- Generalists -- INDEX OF BIOTIC INTEGRITY (IBI) -- SAMPLING FISH POPULATIONS -- Advantages/Disadvantages of electroshocking -- Advantages/Disadvantages of seining -- FISH HABITATS -- FAMILY AND SPECIES ACCOUNTS -- LAMPREYS (PETROMYZONTIDAE) -- Family Level Identifiers -- Habitat -- Pollution Tolerance -- Ammocoetes -- Use in IBI -- CHESTNUT LAMPREY (ICHTHYOMYZON CASTANEUS) -- Identification -- General Distribution/Habitat -- Indicator Use/IBI (1, 10) -- AMERICAN BROOK LAMPREY (LAMPTERA APPENDIX) -- Identification -- General Distribution/Habitat -- Indicator Use/IBI (1, 5, 10) -- STURGEONS (ACIPENSERIDAE) -- Family Level Identifiers -- Habitat -- Pollution Tolerance -- Evolution, Diversity, and Distribution -- Use in IBI -- LAKE STURGEON (ACIPENSER FULVESCENS) -- Identification -- General Distribution/Habitat -- Indicator Use/IBI (1, 10) -- SHOVELNOSE STURGEON (SCAPHIRHYNCHUS PLATORYNCHUS) -- Identification -- General Distribution/Habitat -- Indicator Use/IBI (1, 10) -- MINNOWS (CYPRINIDAE) -- Family Level Identifiers -- Habitat -- Pollution Tolerance -- Nest Builders -- Use in IBI -- STONEROLLER MINNOW (CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM) -- Identification -- General Distribution/Habitat -- Indicator Use/IBI (1, 10) -- REDSIDE DACE (CLINOSTOMUS ELONGATUS).

Global citizenship education (GCE) was developed with an objective to equip students with values, knowledge, skills, and action plans to address complexities and challenges associated with globalization. Service learning trips for students between global north and global south countries1 have become one important part of educating youth to become global citizens, to prepare them to live in harmony with people of diverse cultures and ethnicities by learning about them and the challenges they face. GCE that deals with service learning overseas, however, has been critiqued for prioritizing the needs, interests, and perspectives of global northerners, as well as focusing on morality. We suggest here that this focus on morality can re-enforce global power imbalances, when global citizenship education fails to acknowledge and de-construct inequalities in North-South relationships. Thus we seek to identify or elaborate an alternative model to help students of diverse cultures find common ground and relate to one another in a just way. This paper reimagines a global citizen as an autonomous, political subject, thus shifting the focus from the moral to the political. We draw on ideas of justice propagated by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice and Fairness as Justice: A Restatement. The three principles we consider for re-constructing global citizenship education are: elimination of self-interest from moral choices; respect for diversity of views, legitimate conflict of interests and right to decide; and acceptance of persons as autonomous individuals. The paper begins with a description of GCE for service learning that details some of its problematic aspects. After that, it discusses Rawls's ideas and maps three principles that can help us re-consider GCE education. Each principle has implications for GCE discussed here, though each also poses new challenges to teachers and students. Thus the paper ends addressing the following questions: What kind of "citizen" is it that we want to become global and work to better the world? How is moral different from political and why is it important? How can this new model be built, if at all, and how can it affect students, their picture of the world, and actions for social justice? ; postprint

Mental map studies generally infer that the common sets of preferences which they reveal are the product of common images of the relevant places. In expressing a preference, however, an individual relies on both his image of the place and his criteria for 'desirability'. The study reported here used the semantic differential technique as a means of identifying these criteria and images. Young residents of Christchurch, New Zealand were the respondents; various towns in that country were the stimuli; each town was rated on thirty-eight separate scales. Mean ratings for each place on the scales suggested the probable existence of common criteria for 'residential desirability', but analyses of the dimensionality of their images suggested little stability. About their home town, the respondents were very precise and discriminating. For other places, there was possibly only a single-dimension underlying the ratings on all thirty-eight scales, though this seemed to compose several common sub dimensions, of which socio-economic quality, social and housing environments, physical structure, and climate occurred most frequently.

Ninety-five (28%) of 333 U.S. military personnel deployed to Ubonratchathani, Thailand, for 1 month in February 1993 developed diarrhea. Campylobacter jejuni was identified in 6 (25%), attaching and effacing Escherichia coli was identified in 3 (13%), nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. were identified in 2 (8%), and rotavirus was identified in 1 (4%) of 24 persons who had diarrhea and submitted specimens.

Rapid advances in microarray and sequencing technologies are making genotyping and genome sequencing more affordable and readily available. There is an expectation that genomic sequencing technologies improve personalized diagnosis and personalized drug therapy. Concurrently, provision of direct-to-consumer genetic testing by commercial providers has enabled individuals' direct access to their genomic data. The expanded availability of genomic data is perceived as influencing the relationship between the various parties involved including healthcare professionals, researchers, patients, individuals, families, industry, and government. This results in a need to revisit their roles and responsibilities. In a 1-day agenda-setting meeting organized by the COST Action IS1303 "Citizen's Health through public-private Initiatives: Public health, Market and Ethical perspectives," participants discussed the main challenges associated with the expanded availability of genomic information, with a specific focus on public-private partnerships, and provided an outline from which to discuss in detail the identified challenges. This paper summarizes the points raised at this meeting in five main parts and highlights the key cross-cutting themes. In light of the increasing availability of genomic information, it is expected that this paper will provide timely direction for future research and policy making in this area. ; Funding Deborah Mascalzoni is supported under Grant Agreement number 305444. Álvaro Mendes is supported by the FCT—The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under postdoctoral grant SFRH/BPD/88647/2012. Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne receives support from the National Research and Innovation Platform for Personalized Cancer Medicine funded by The Research Council of Norway (NFR BIOTEK2021/ES495029) and Biobank Norway funded by The Research Council of Norway—grant number 245464. Heidi Carmen Howard is partly supported by supported by the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Science under grant M13-0260:1), the Biobanking and Molecular Resource Infrastructure of Sweden (BBMRI.se) and the BBMRI-ERIC. Brígida Riso is supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the PhD grant SFRH/BD/100779/2014. Heidi Beate Bentzen receives support from the project Legal Regulation of Information Processing relating to Personalized Cancer Medicine funded by The Research Council of Norway BIOTEK2021/238999.

Rapid advances in microarray and sequencing technologies are making genotyping and genome sequencing more affordable and readily available. There is an expectation that genomic sequencing technologies improve personalized diagnosis and personalized drug therapy. Concurrently, provision of direct-to-consumer genetic testing by commercial providers has enabled individuals' direct access to their genomic data. The expanded availability of genomic data is perceived as influencing the relationship between the various parties involved including healthcare professionals, researchers, patients, individuals, families, industry, and government. This results in a need to revisit their roles and responsibilities. In a 1-day agenda-setting meeting organized by the COST Action IS1303 "Citizen's Health through public-private Initiatives: Public health, Market and Ethical perspectives," participants discussed the main challenges associated with the expanded availability of genomic information, with a specific focus on public-private partnerships, and provided an outline from which to discuss in detail the identified challenges. This paper summarizes the points raised at this meeting in five main parts and highlights the key cross-cutting themes. In light of the increasing availability of genomic information, it is expected that this paper will provide timely direction for future research and policy making in this area.

Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia is a common and life-threatening infection that imposes up to 30% mortality even when appropriate therapy is used. Despite in vitro efficacy determined by minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints, antibiotics often fail to resolve these infections in vivo, resulting in persistent MRSA bacteremia. Recently, several genetic, epigenetic, and proteomic correlates of persistent outcomes have been identified. However, the extent to which single variables or their composite patterns operate as independent predictors of outcome or reflect shared underlying mechanisms of persistence is unknown. To explore this question, we employed a tensor-based integration of host transcriptional and cytokine datasets across a well-characterized cohort of patients with persistent or resolving MRSA bacteremia outcomes. This method yielded high correlative accuracy with outcomes and immunologic signatures united by transcriptomic and cytokine datasets. Results reveal that patients with persistent MRSA bacteremia (PB) exhibit signals of granulocyte dysfunction, suppressed antigen presentation, and deviated lymphocyte polarization. In contrast, patients with resolving bacteremia (RB) heterogeneously exhibit correlates of robust antigen-presenting cell trafficking and enhanced neutrophil maturation corresponding to appropriate T lymphocyte polarization and B lymphocyte response. These results suggest that transcriptional and cytokine correlates of PB vs. RB outcomes are complex and may not be disclosed by conventional modeling. In this respect, a tensor-based integration approach may help to reveal consensus molecular and cellular mechanisms and their biological interpretation.