Suchergebnisse

Using first principles calculations, which were conducted within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) and General Gradient Approximation (GGA), which were implemented using the WIEN2k code program, in order to calculate the structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the KCrS compound. The results show that the compound achieves the property of half-metal at the equilibrium constant (6.63), where it behaves like a metal in the spin up channel while it behaves like a semiconductor in the spin down channel. The total magnetic moment of KCrS is 5, and the energy gap of this compound is (3,29). In addition, the compound showed distinctive optical properties, which makes it a strong choice for optical and optoelectronic uses. High reflection of light appears in UV, and this is important in laser technology and stimulated emission.

AbstractIn this study subsidies are treated as both an element of government expenditure and a source of household income. The impacts of reallocating existing subsidy expenditure to selected alternatives are estimated upon factors such as growth, employment, personal saving indirect tax and import using a semi‐closed input‐output model. The results indicate substantial scope for deriving additional benefits by reallocating the existing subsidies on foreign wage earnings and urban food ration (enjoyed by the richer classes) to fertilizer, foodgrain procurement or rural food rations (enjoyed by the poorer classes). Reallocation of fertilizer or rural food ration subsidies have no benefits. The benefits of reallocation to production activities are higher than for consumption activities.

Density functional theory (DFT)-based first-principles computations are utilized to examine the phonon Boltzmann transport as well as the structural, electrical, and optical characteristics of the (RS) CrTe monolayer. The results demonstrated that the half-metal property is present in the (RS) CrTe monolayer. Whereas in the case of spin-up, the property of metal was achieved because the energy bands cut the level of Fermi, in the case of spin-down, because an energy gap emerged on both sides of the Fermi EF level, the semiconductor was produced. That is, there is a gap between the conduction band and the valence band, and the absolute magnitude of the sum of both gaps indicates to the (RS) CrTe monolayer total energy gap which has a value of 0.902 eV. The magnetic moment per cell unit of an (RS) CrTe monolayer is equivalent to 4μB. The (RS) CrTe monolayer has a strong polarization with a spin equal to 100% at the Fermi level due to the half-mineral. Our findings demonstrate the wide absorption spectrum of the (RS) CrTe monolayer, spanning visible light to the ultraviolet region, as well as its decreased convergent phonon scattering rate. These results could lead to more theoretical and experimental research on the CrTe monolayer's electrical structure, optical properties, and ability to conduct heat.

"The objectives of this workshop are to review and discuss the main findings and policy implications of recent research conducted on these topics by IFPRI, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Mekelle University (MU), the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO) and other Ethiopian collaborators; to discuss options for improving the development of agricultural markets and land management in Ethiopia, considering different stakeholders' perspectives; and to develop recommendations for priority policy actions and further research based upon lessons learned from the research and remaining knowledge gaps. IFPRI has worked for more than a decade in Ethiopia studying the root causes of the interrelated problems of famine, rural poverty, low agricultural productivity and natural resource degradation, and helping to identify strategies and policies to overcome these problems. The need for effective and efficient markets for agricultural commodities and productive inputs, as well as effective measures to combat land degradation are clearly recognized by the government of Ethiopia in its current rural development strategy and poverty reduction strategy. Ethiopia has made great strides in recent years in increasing farmers' access to productive technologies. Yet as we are all increasingly aware, these advances are necessary but not sufficient to achieve the goal of agriculturally led industrialization. Market development and sustainable natural resource management are essential building blocks of a successful rural development strategy, requiring policy makers and other stakeholders to identify and invest in an appropriate mix of institutions, infrastructure, information, and innovation systems. This workshop is intended to help contribute to these important efforts by taking stock of what is known and what we have learned from several years of recent research on sustainable land management and agricultural market development. " --Authors' Abstract ; IFPRI5; GRP5; Addis ; EPTD; DSGD ; Non-PR ; 236 p.

"Dairy and poultry are the most important livestock enterprises produced by smallholder crop-livestock farmers in Bangladesh. This study is conducted to identify policy options for assisting small-scale operators to develop economically viable and ecologically sustainable production enterprises from participating in the rapidly expanding urban and rural markets for milk and poultry meat and eggs in the country. The paper is organised in six sections. Section two describes the theoretical model applied to measure farm efficiency and sources of data; section 3 discusses some general characteristics of the sample dairy farms followed by specifications of the empirical econometric model and results in section 4. Sections 5 and 6 present similar discussions on sample poultry farms. The study analyses if small- and large-scale dairy and poultry producers use different strategies for adapting their production systems and marketing approaches to meet rapidly expanding urban demand for milk, poultry meat and eggs using different strategies. The study also identifies the ways that government policies and non government and private sector practices concerning production, importation, and marketing of inputs." -- from ILRI Publications Catalog ; IFPRI5 ; MTID ; Non-PR ; 76 p.