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Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce wszczęcia procesu w sprawach z zakresu prawa pracy po nowelizacji przepisów procedury cywilnej. Na wstępie przedstawiono nową, budzącą wątpliwości w kontekście konstytucyjnego prawa do sądu, instytucję zwrotu pisma, które nie jest pozwem, bez nadawania mu biegu. Dalsze rozważania dotyczą uzupełnienia braków formalnych pozwu, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli posiedzenia przygotowawczego i kontrowersjami wokół pojęcia braków uniemożliwiających odbycie takiego posiedzenia. Wykładnia przepisów odnoszących się do posiedzenia przygotowawczego wyznaczonego w celu uzupełnienia braków formalnych pozwu rodzi wiele pytań, które dotyczą w szczególności możliwości odbycia tego posiedzenia bez udziału pozwanego oraz konieczności doręczenia pozwanemu odpisu pozwu przed posiedzeniem. Analiza zaś przepisów regulujących doręczenie odpisu pozwu skłania do wyrażenia wątpliwości co do celowości nałożenia na pracownika nowego obowiązku doręczenia tego odpisu przez komornika.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zarysu teorii praw człowieka i obywatela z perspektywy historycznej. Autor ukazuje wpływ zachodniej myśli politycznej, w szczególności doktryny prawa natury i liberalnego konstytucjonalizmu na ewolucję praw człowieka, od idei polityczno-prawnej do prawa stanowionego.

INITIATION OF COURT PROCEEDINGS IN SOCIAL SECURITY CASESThe article discusses selected issues concerning the initiation of court proceedings in social security cases. The author begins his research by considering the legal approach of an appeal, which leads to the conclusion that it performs the role of the claim. The appeal does not necessarily have to meet the formal criteria of law suits due to the liberalisation of existing regulations. Furthermore, the term of appeal is also treated quite liberally by regulations. The appeal should be filed within one month of delivery of the decision, however, the case canal so be continued, when the failure to meet the deadline occurred due to reasons beyond control and was not excessive. Nonetheless, the fact that Polish Code of Civil Procedure does not directly regulate the problem of the response to an appeal raises objections. The question of which entities are authorized to file an appeal is acontroversial subject, but even more so is the question of whether an appeal could be filed by the interested party.

This paper is a contribution to the discussion concerning the methodological and theoretical orientation of the Polish political science community. It aims to answer the question posed in the title by analysing representative texts by Polish political theorists. The scholarly output of four well-known political scientists – Filip Pierzchalski, Kamil Minkner, Artur Laska and Łukasz Młyńczyk – was examined. The interpretation of selected texts by these authors made it possible to show the applications of the category of "understanding" in the concepts of interpretationism, narrativism, understanding naturalism and integral approach. The conducted study indicates that understanding is perceived as the main, albeit multi-variant, task of political science, determined by ontological and axiological perspectives. The analysis proper is preceded by a presentation of the main problems of the subject under discussion, including the meaning of the key terms such as understanding, interpretation, communication, and knowledge.

Theoretical approaches to political conflictThis article reconstructs and develops theoretical approaches to analysis of political conflicts in the disci­plines of political science, political philosophy and sociology. In the consecutive sections of the article the author develops theoretical assumptions of liberal rationalism, agonism, political realism, structuralism and constitutional theory. These theoretical approaches differ in the attitudes towards the causes of conflict and the role of conflict in the modern political system. Liberal rationalism is a normative theory of con­sensus within political community based on common values. Agonism perceives conflict as an essential ingredient of politics. Political realism sees conflict as permanent element of politics on the internal and international level. Constitutional theory embraces legal rules and cultural norms that define legitimate ways of political action, through which conflicts are regulated.

Political theory in the research of professor Andrzej Czajowski

Professor Andrzej Czajowski, an academic scholar and lecturer at the University of Wroclaw, conducted interdisciplinary scientific research in many fields of political science. His main field of interest was political theory. The subjects of his research were, inter alia, the nature of politics and political aspects of other social phenomena, the relations between political power, decisions, actions, agents and structures. Professor Czajowski conducted interdisciplinary research from the perspectives of political theory, political psychology and law. His main contribution to empirical and analytical political theory was the development of a new understanding of different academic concepts in political science, such as politics, power, political decisions and political activity. In the published books and research papers professor Czajowski has developed new meanings of key political science concepts, such as politics, power, political action, political decisions, political attitudes, political conflicts and political thought. His academic works have enriched the language of political science and political theory by adding new classifications and typologies, and contributed to a better understanding of the complexity of politics.