Suchergebnisse

Since emergence of economic policy as a tool to stabilize and stimulate the economy, governments have realized the need to have the best staff available for the processes of formulation, implementation and evaluation of public policies. This entails an intense search primarily in the skilled labor market, which is expected to have significant impact in this sector. The present paper aims to show a link between the changes in the levels of employment and absorption of skilled labor for the civil service. The results suggest that there is a statistically significant impact of public hiring policy on levels of employment in the skilled labor market meanwhile not shows any effect on non-skilled labor market. ; Desde la aparición de la política económica como herramienta de estabilización y de estímulo a la economía, los gobiernos se han percatado de la necesidad de contar con los mejores elementos disponibles para los procesos de formulación, implementación y evaluación de políticas públicas. Esto conlleva una intensa búsqueda, primordialmente en el mercado laboral calificado, encaminada a generar un impacto significativo en este sector. El presente documento pretende identificar el vínculo entre los cambios en los niveles de empleo y la absorción de la mano de obra calificada para el servicio público. Los resultados sugieren que existe un impacto estadísticamente significativo de la política de contratación pública sobre los niveles de empleo en el mercado laboral calificado, y no muestran un efecto medible en el mercado laboral no calificado.

Desde la aparición de la política económica como herramienta de estabilización y de estímulo a la economía, los gobiernos se han percatado de la necesidad de contar con los mejores elementos disponibles para los procesos de formulación, implementación y evaluación de políticas públicas. Esto conlleva una intensa búsqueda, primordialmente en el mercado laboral calificado, encaminada a generar un impacto significativo en este sector. El presente documento pretende identificar el vínculo entre los cambios en los niveles de empleo y la absorción de la mano de obra calificada para el servicio público. Los resultados sugieren que existe un impacto estadísticamente significativo de la política de contratación pública sobre los niveles de empleo en el mercado laboral calificado, y no muestran un efecto medible en el mercado laboral no calificado. ; Since emergence of economic policy as a tool to stabilize and stimulate the economy, governments have realized the need to have the best staff available for the processes of formulation, implementation and evaluation of public policies. This entails an intense search primarily in the skilled labor market, which is expected to have significant impact in this sector. The present paper aims to show a link between the changes in the levels of employment and absorption of skilled labor for the civil service. The results suggest that there is a statistically significant impact of public hiring policy on levels of employment in the skilled labor market meanwhile not shows any effect on non-skilled labor market. ; Cuenca ; no. 24

The Chinese economy has become one of the most important consumers of a broad range of commodities. This work aims at measuring the impact of China's expansion on commodity prices and illustrate its effect on Latin American economies. It is found a positive and significant relation between China's industrial production and the evolution of prices of metals, fuels, and to a lesser extent, grains and other farm commodities. In general, Latin American economic cycles are positively correlated with commodity prices and China's economic activity. (Cuad Econ/GIGA)

El tercio medio facial es susceptible a sufrir diferentes alteraciones o problemas como traumatismos, deformidades, fisuras, o patologías, que requieren ser resueltos quirúrgicamente. Para ello se han diseñado y se usan algunos abordajes que resultan en diferentes grados de variedad y tipo.Se presentan dos alternativas útiles para abordajes de cirugías de tercio medio facial como son el Degloving Centro Facial y abordaje de Weber Ferguson, a manera de un estudio aplicado, comparativo, clínico, trasversal, retrospectivo y abierto realizado en el Hospital Militar HE-1 de Quito con buenos resultados a largo plazo. A través de este artículo puede conocerse las aplicaciones, contraindicaciones, ventajas y desventajas de estos abordajes en cirugía de tercio medio facial, además de una alternativa para que el cirujano maxilofacial pueda abordar las diferentes alteraciones que puedan presentarse a este nivel.

13 p. ; Evidence from randomized trials has shown that effective treatment with blood pressure (BP)-lowering medications reduces the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension. Therefore, hypertension control and prevention of subsequent morbidity and mortality should be achievable for all patients worldwide. However, many people in Latin America remain undiagnosed, untreated or have inadequately controlled BP, even where this is access to health systems. Barriers to hypertension control in low-income countries include difficulties in transportation to health services; inappropriate opening hours; difficulties in making clinic appointments; inaccessible healthcare facilities, lack of insurance and high treatment costs. After a review of the best recent available evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of antihypertensive drugs and strategies, the Latin American Society of Hypertension experts conclude that all major classes of BP-lowering drugs be available to hypertensive patients, because all have been shown to reduce major cardiovascular outcomes compared with placebo, and have shown to be associated with a comparable risk of major cardiovascular events and mortality when compared between classes. Within each class, no evidence whatsoever is available to show that one compound is more effective than another in outcome prevention. Therefore, the selection of individual drugs may be based mainly on the capacity of Latin American governments to obtain the lowest prices of the different molecules manufactured by companies with high production quality standards.

Introducción: Dentro del espectro de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la enfermedad isquémica del corazón se encuentra dentro de las dos patologías con mayor tasa de discapacidad y mortalidad. La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 es uno de los factores asociados a peor pronóstico en sujetos con esta enfermedad. Hoy en día se conoce que sobre el miocardio en isquemia, la hiperglicemia aumenta el estrés oxidativo, la hipoxia y por ende su necrosis. Objetivo: Establecer si existe una relación entre los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con un primer infarto agudo de miocardio y la función del ventrículo izquierdo intrahospitalaria, medida por la fracción de eyección. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional en el que se realizó la caracterización de 36 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y un primer episodio de IAM hospitalizados en el Hospital Militar Central. Resultados: Con el test de exactitud de Fischer se obtuvo que los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con primer infarto agudo de miocardio y valores de hemoglobina glicosilada por encima de 8,5% presentaron una tendencia a tener fracciones de eyección por debajo de 50% (P= 0,019). Conclusiones: Se necesitan más estudios en los que se evalúen poblaciones más grandes de pacientes para lograr representar todo el espectro de valores de hemoglobina glicosilada y con ello, establecer un punto de corte más exacto a partir del cual sea válido sospechar una disminución de la función ventricular izquierda en el escenario de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y un primer infarto agudo de miocardio.

Introducción: Dentro del espectro de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la enfermedad isquémica del corazón se encuentra dentro de las dos patologías con mayor tasa de discapacidad y mortalidad. La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 es uno de los factores asociados a peor pronóstico en sujetos con esta enfermedad. Hoy en día se conoce que sobre el miocardio en isquemia, la hiperglicemia aumenta el estrés oxidativo, la hipoxia y por ende su necrosis. Objetivo: Establecer si existe una relación entre los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con un primer infarto agudo de miocardio y la función del ventrículo izquierdo intrahospitalaria, medida por la fracción de eyección. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional en el que se realizó la caracterización de 36 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y un primer episodio de IAM hospitalizados en el Hospital Militar Central. Resultados: Con el test de exactitud de Fischer se obtuvo que los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con primer infarto agudo de miocardio y valores de hemoglobina glicosilada por encima de 8,5% presentaron una tendencia a tener fracciones de eyección por debajo de 50% (P= 0,019). Conclusiones: Se necesitan más estudios en los que se evalúen poblaciones más grandes de pacientes para lograr representar todo el espectro de valores de hemoglobina glicosilada y con ello, establecer un punto de corte más exacto a partir del cual sea válido sospechar una disminución de la función ventricular izquierda en el escenario de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y un primer infarto agudo de miocardio.

Introducción: Dentro del espectro de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la enfermedad isquémica del corazón se encuentra dentro de las dos patologías con mayor tasa de discapacidad y mortalidad. La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 es uno de los factores asociados a peor pronóstico en sujetos con esta enfermedad. Hoy en día se conoce que sobre el miocardio en isquemia, la hiperglicemia aumenta el estrés oxidativo, la hipoxia y por ende su necrosis. Objetivo: Establecer si existe una relación entre los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con un primer infarto agudo de miocardio y la función del ventrículo izquierdo intrahospitalaria, medida por la fracción de eyección. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional en el que se realizó la caracterización de 36 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y un primer episodio de IAM hospitalizados en el Hospital Militar Central. Resultados: Con el test de exactitud de Fischer se obtuvo que los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con primer infarto agudo de miocardio y valores de hemoglobina glicosilada por encima de 8,5% presentaron una tendencia a tener fracciones de eyección por debajo de 50% (P= 0,019). Conclusiones: Se necesitan más estudios en los que se evalúen poblaciones más grandes de pacientes para lograr representar todo el espectro de valores de hemoglobina glicosilada y con ello, establecer un punto de corte más exacto a partir del cual sea válido sospechar una disminución de la función ventricular izquierda en el escenario de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y un primer infarto agudo de miocardio. ; Introduction: In the wide range of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease is one of the mayor two pathologies that contribute with the greater disability and mortality rates. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is known to be one of the mayor risk factors associated with a worst prognosis among subjects who suffer from ischemic heart disease. Hyperglycemia augments oxidative stress in the ischemic myocardium and thus the hypoxemia and extent of necrosis. Objective: To establish if there is a relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin levels and admissions left ventricular function, measured by ejection fraction, in type 2 diabetic patients suffering from a first acute myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods: Observational study in which we characterized 36 type 2 diabetic patients suffering from a first acute myocardial infarction, hospitalized in The Hospital Militar Central. Results: Using Fischer's exact test we found that that type 2 diabetics suffering from a first acute myocardial infarction and with glycosylated hemoglobin levels above 8.5% had a tendency to present an ejection fraction below 50% (P= 0.019). Conclusions: Larger studies are needed in order to include all the possible values of glycosylated hemoglobin, so a more accurate cut off point from which a valid suspicion of deteriorated left ventricular function can be made, in the setting of type 2 diabetics with a first acute myocardial infarction.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Hearts Initiative offers technical packages to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases through population‐wide and targeted health services interventions. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has led implementation of the HEARTS in the Americas Initiative since 2016. The authors mapped the developmental stages, barriers, and facilitators to implementation among the 371 primary health care centers in the participating 12 countries. The authors used the qualitative method of document review to examine cumulative country reports, technical meeting notes, and reports to regional stakeholders. Common implementation barriers include segmentation of health systems, overcoming health care professionals' scope of practice legal restrictions, and lack of health information systems limiting operational evaluation and quality improvement mechanisms. Main implementation facilitators include political support from ministries of health and leading scientific societies, PAHO's role as a regional catalyst to implementation, stakeholder endorsement demonstrated by incorporating HEARTS into official documents, and having a health system oriented to primary health care. Key lessons include the need for political commitment and cultivating on‐the‐ground leadership to initiate a shift in hypertension care delivery, accompanied by specific progress in the development of standardized treatment protocols and a set of high‐quality medicines. By systematizing an implementation strategy to ease integration of interventions into delivery processes, the program strengthened technical leadership and ensured sustainability. These study findings will aid the regional approach by providing a staged planning model that incorporates lessons learned. A systematic approach to implementation will enhance equity, efficiency, scale‐up, and sustainability, and ultimately improve population hypertension control.

Digital ; The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Hearts Initiative offers technical packages to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases through population-wide and targeted health services interventions. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has led implementation of the HEARTS in the Americas Initiative since 2016. The authors mapped the developmental stages, barriers, and facilitators to implemen-tation among the 371 primary health care centers in the participating 12 countries. The authors used the qualitative method of document review to examine cumula-tive country reports, technical meeting notes, and reports to regional stakeholders. Common implementation barriers include segmentation of health systems, overcom-ing health care professionals' scope of practice legal restrictions, and lack of health information systems limiting operational evaluation and quality improvement mecha-nisms. Main implementation facilitators include political support from ministries of health and leading scientific societies, PAHO's role as a regional catalyst to implemen-tation, stakeholder endorsement demonstrated by incorporating HEARTS into official documents, and having a health system oriented to primary health care. Key lessons include the need for political commitment and cultivating on-the-ground leadership to initiate a shift in hypertension care delivery, accompanied by specific progress in the development of standardized treatment protocols and a set of high-quality medicines. By systematizing an implementation strategy to ease integration of interventions into delivery processes, the program strengthened technical leadership and ensured sus-tainability. These study findings will aid the regional approach by providing a staged planning model that incorporates lessons learned. A systematic approach to imple-mentation will enhance equity, efficiency, scale-up, and sustainability, and ultimately improve population hypertension control. ; Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud

The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Hearts Initiative offers technical packages to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases through population-wide and targeted health services interventions. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has led implementation of the HEARTS in the Americas Initiative since 2016. The authors mapped the developmental stages, barriers, and facilitators to implementation among the 371 primary health care centers in the participating 12 countries. The authors used the qualitative method of document review to examine cumulative country reports, technical meeting notes, and reports to regional stakeholders. Common implementation barriers include segmentation of health systems, overcoming health care professionals' scope of practice legal restrictions, and lack of health information systems limiting operational evaluation and quality improvement mechanisms. Main implementation facilitators include political support from ministries of health and leading scientific societies, PAHO's role as a regional catalyst to implementation, stakeholder endorsement demonstrated by incorporating HEARTS into official documents, and having a health system oriented to primary health care. Key lessons include the need for political commitment and cultivating on-the-ground leadership to initiate a shift in hypertension care delivery, accompanied by specific progress in the development of standardized treatment protocols and a set of high-quality medicines. By systematizing an implementation strategy to ease integration of interventions into delivery processes, the program strengthened technical leadership and ensured sustainability. These study findings will aid the regional approach by providing a staged planning model that incorporates lessons learned. A systematic approach to implementation will enhance equity, efficiency, scale-up, and sustainability, and ultimately improve population hypertension control.

18 p. ; Objective To examine and compare tobacco marketing in 16 countries while the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control requires parties to implement a comprehensive ban on such marketing. Methods Between 2009 and 2012, a kilometre-long walk was completed by trained investigators in 462 communities across 16 countries to collect data on tobacco marketing. We interviewed community members about their exposure to traditional and non-traditional marketing in the previous six months. To examine differences in marketing between urban and rural communities and between high-, middle- and low-income countries, we used multilevel regression models controlling for potential confounders. Findings Compared with high-income countries, the number of tobacco advertisements observed was 81 times higher in low-income countries (incidence rate ratio, IRR: 80.98; 95% confidence interval, CI: 4.15–1578.42) and the number of tobacco outlets was 2.5 times higher in both low- and lower-middle-income countries (IRR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.17–5.67 and IRR: 2.52; CI: 1.23–5.17, respectively). Of the 11842 interviewees, 1184 (10%) reported seeing at least five types of tobacco marketing. Self-reported exposure to at least one type of traditional marketing was 10 times higher in low-income countries than in high-income countries (odds ratio, OR: 9.77; 95% CI: 1.24–76.77). For almost all measures, marketing exposure was significantly lower in the rural communities than in the urban communities. Conclusion Despite global legislation to limit tobacco marketing, it appears ubiquitous. The frequency and type of tobacco marketing varies on the national level by income group and by community type, appearing to be greatest in low-income countries and urban communities.