Suchergebnisse

The article analyzes the growing confrontation between the two main currents of Islam: Sunnism and Shiism. The author draws attention to the danger of new religious wars, their destabilizing effect on the general situation in South-West Asia and the world as a whole. Particular attention is paid to considering the conflict between the leader of the Arab-Sunni world, Saudi Arabia and Shiite Iran.

The article considers the problem of combating the coronavirus pandemic as one of the new global challenges of our civilization. The possible negative consequences of this phenomenon for the global economy and social life are analyzed. The author comes to the conclusion, that a common threat to Humanity can help unite the efforts of all countries to overcome it and does not exclude that the World community will be forced to pay more attention to the problems of protection against such cataclysms and natural disasters. Closer coordination of the leading World powers in reducing international tension and the continuation of disarmament processes are also allowed.

The article explores the causes, main stages and consequences of the Syrian armed conflict, its negative impact on the entire system of regional security and stability in the Middle East. The author pays special attention to analyzing the prerequisites for the outbreak of a civil war in Syria, to large-scale interference of foreign states and non-state actors in the face of radical Islamist groups in this conflict. It is emphasized that Iran, Turkey, Russia and the USA have become the main external forces participating in the Syrian conflict. The role and importance of the Kurdish factor in the northern and north-eastern regions of Syria are also considered. The author concludes that, despite the defeat of the largest terrorist groups and the establishment by the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic of control over most of the country's territory, it is too early to talk about resolving the conflict. The country remains split into several enclaves, most of the Syrians find themselves in a position of refugees abroad or reside in territories not controlled by Damascus. The most promising way to normalize the situation in the SAR seems to be the intensification of negotiations between representatives of the Assad government and the opposition in Geneva format, where one of the main issues on the agenda is the coordination of the draft future constitution. The author also believes that the defeat of the "Islamic State" in Syria in previous years can significantly reduce the foreign military presence in this country.

This article explores a general situation in the Middle East as well as the role and value of Kurds in regional geopolitics. The author concludes that in the context of a growing threat of the radical Islamists take-over in a number of the Middle East states, the ISIS strengthening, the incitement of a widespread armed conflict between Sunni and Shia communities, and a tendency towards Syria and Iraq territories turning into the area for an open confrontation between regional centers of power, the Kurds intrinsically become a "Third Force" and play an increasingly important role in stabilizing the military-political situation both in each country of their compact settlements and in the region as a whole. The 40-million strong Kurdish nation, divided by borders of four states, preserves its language, rich spiritual and cultural heritage, manners and customs (and hangs on to its age-old dream to create an independent state). The main attention is paid to the Iraqi Kurdistan as to an advance party of the Kurdish national movement. Today, the Kurdish region of Iraq has all attributes of the state, successfully carries out foreign policy and economic activity. The author notes an important role of Erbil as an intermediary in resolving inter-Arab contradictions in Iraq, for the unity of Kurds in Syria, for a peaceful solution of the Kurdish problem in Turkey. A very important statement is the potential of Iraqi Kurdistan to turn into a national and cultural center of all Kurdish people, and to proclaim an independent state on the North of Iraq, if necessary.

Large flows of migrants into low fertility countries increase the weight of international migration in the population dynamics. The current net migration inflow to Russia is about 350 thousand people per year. Migration hypotheses of the population projections include the assumption of constancy of this level until 2050; net migration of 50 thousand people per year; zero net migration and net migration at the level of 900 thousand people per year. Migration hypotheses are combined with the hypotheses of future trends in fertility, including the low, the middle and the high variants. With low fertility and zero net migration the population by 2050 will be reduced by almost half. Stable migration combined with low fertility will not prevent depopulation of the order of almost 1/3 by 2050. If fertility trend follows the high path and migration remains constant the population size will be restored in 10 years and then will increase by 10 per cent. Тo restore the population size by 2020 with slowly increasing fertility, approximately 1, 5 million people more should immigrate into Russia every year than emigrate from it.

It is quite natural that Russian leadership pays priority attention to the conflicts in the post-Soviet space. The most vital concerns relate to securing stability directly in the Russian territory, in the neighboring states, as well as in the border regions. The author undertakes an analysis of the status of local conflicts in the post-Soviet area at the beginning of 2011, explores the background to new outbursts of violence in the region. The need to focus the efforts of Russia and its partners in the CIS and CSTO on enhancing the search for a peaceful solution to the discussed regional and internal conflicts is confirmed.

Das russische Arbeitsrecht befindet sich derzeit in einer schwierigen Entwicklungsetappe. In den letzten 80 Jahren wurden die Rechtsbestimmungen zum Arbeitsrecht dreimal definiert. Der Autor geht im ersten Teil seiner Arbeit ausführlich auf die Konsequenzen der arbeitsrechtlichen Regelungen von 1917 bzw. 1922 ein. Der bis heute gültige Kodex von 1971 beinhaltet aus jetziger Sicht nicht nur negative Aspekte, sondern regulierte seitdem die Lohnzahlungen, stützte das Gewicht der Gewerkschaften und beugte Arbeitslosigkeit vor. Mit der gegenwärtig anvisierten vierten Kodifizierung sollen unter Einbeziehung der vergangenen Erfahrung neue Ziele definiert werden, die den Weg zum Markt erleichtern. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird auf die theoretischen Probleme, die dabei auftauchen, Bezug genommen - v.a. die sozialen Aufgaben, den Interessensausgleich zwischen Arbeitnehmern und Arbeitgebern oder die Probleme des Neoliberalismus in Rußland. (BIOst-Rgl)

Eine grundlegende Gestaltung der Wirtschaftsleitung und weitgehende Demokratisierung der Gesellschaft erfordern eine Reform des Arbeitsrechts. Die Wirtschaftskrise hat auch die Krise im Arbeitsrecht vertieft. Das sowjetische Arbeitsrecht orientierte sich seit den 20-30er Jahren immer mehr an den Interessen der Produktion. Die Interessen der Produktionsbeschäftigten gerieten in den Hintergrund. Dieser technokratische Ansatz soll jetzt durch einen sozialen Ansatz ersetzt werden. Das neue Arbeitsrecht muß auch eine gerechte Entlohnung garantieren. Die Ungerechtigkeit heute findet ihren Ausdruck darin, daß das Arbeitsrecht die Löhne nicht vor staatlichen Eingriffen schützt. Die sowjetischen Arbeiter zählen aufgrund ihrer niedrigen Löhne zu den billigsten Arbeitern in der Welt. Dringend notwendig ist die Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen in der Produktion und eine allmähliche Reduzierung schwerer körperlicher Arbeit. Zum Schutz des Arbeitsrechts ist eine staatliche Arbeitsinspektion und das Arbeitsgericht zu gründen. (BIOst-Ldg)