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Using a process-oriented theoretical model I explain why some revolutions are violent while others are velvet. Velvet revolutions (those with little or no violence) occur because of a peculiar interaction between dissidents and the state. A dynamic model illustrates how dissidents, the state, and the mass public interact in revolution, emphasizing each group's decisions and the impact this has on the other groups. Successful velvet revolutions occur when (1) dissidents committed to nonviolence are (2) sufficiently organized to successfully provoke the state into (3) ineffectively repressing dissidents or inadequately implementing reform. I utilize the 1986 Philippines revolution to test this model and hypothesis. Tables, Figures, 2, References. Adapted from the source document.

A graduate student discusses personal experience teaching an upper-division course, Nonviolent Revolutionary Movements, wherein some undergraduate students presented their research as a panel at the International Studies Assoc Midwest conference. Issues in undergraduate research relate to its theoretical basis, key concepts, literature reviews, "crucial cases," generating a research question & testable hypothesis, & analysis of a historical case. Description of the panel presentation highlights the sometimes difficult logistics of preparation. Five benefits of undergraduate research are delineated in closing. 1 Table, 15 References. J. Zendejas