Suchergebnisse

Resilience is a dimension with a pronounced multidisciplinary character covering a wide range of areas of society, which gives it a fluid profile and difficult to fit into a conceptual-functional typology. The interest in resilience is undoubtedly one of the trends of the current decade, however precursory elements are found throughout history in the most diverse forms of manifestation. As in the case of other dimensions explored in recent years from the perspective of European cooperation in the field of security and defence, resilience was quickly integrated into the steps carried out under the auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), becoming one of the key objectives of the European Union's external action toolkit and, last but not least, of the operational commitments carried out globally by this organization. The contribution of the EU Global Security Strategy (EUGS) in designing resilience as a central element of the European security and defence cooperation agenda was defining. The main direction promoted by the EUGS was to strengthen resilience aspects in external action, while taking a structured approach to exploring options for strengthening internal resilience. Subsequently, the outbreak of the war in Ukraine as a result of Russia's aggression additionally valued the strategic significance of states' resilience and, subsequently, the importance of the EU's contribution in this direction. This study is aiming to bring into light the way in which CSDP answers to the challenge of consolidating the resilience. In this vein, the methodological approach that was implemented responded the multidisciplinary character of this topic. In order to consolidate the comprehensive character of the present study, a historical perspective has been used that correlates the evolution of resilience in EU context with the development of various CSDP instruments. In this sense, an important direction of research is represented by the interaction between resilience and EU's external action and how the EU response to crisis situations has evolved. To a similar extent, this paper approached the resilience from the perspective of internal security of European Union, especially in the context of the war in Ukraine. A special note is made on how the latest EU strategic document (Strategic Compass) placed resilience as being one of the strategic objectives of CSDP. Given all of these aspects, the main conclusions of the article are emphasising the importance of adequate calibration of national approach in generating resilience, not only in the conceptual area but also on the practical aspects such as capabilities and resources required by a strong resilience. At the same time, a special attention is given to how the partnership and external interaction, especially between EU and NATO, are tailored to enhance and complement the national contributions in the field of resilience.

Optimizing the European Union's external action requires a comprehensive approach to linking relevant EU instruments and policies to the development of interaction and practical arrangements for cooperation with third countries. An extremely important component concerns the interaction between the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and external action, whose dynamics have undergone notable developments in recent years. The substantial progress made in the development of an integrated formula for promoting external action validates the central assumption of the present study that European cooperation in the field of defence tends to become one of the important supporting elements of external action. Starting from this assumption, another direction of in-depth analysis in the following pages concerns the ambivalent relationship between the financial support that external action receives through the new Multiannual Framework 2021-2027 and the concrete initiatives developed under the aegis of CSDP with military applicability.

Optimizarea acțiunii externe a Uniunii Europene presupune o abordare cuprinzătoare a modului de utilizare și de racordare a instrumentelor și politicilor relevante ale UE în dezvoltarea interacțiunii și formulelor practice de cooperare cu statele terțe. O componentă extrem de importantă vizează interacțiunea dintre Politica de Securitate și Apărare Comună (PSAC) și acțiunea externă, dinamică, la nivelul căreia, în ultimii ani, s-au consemnat evoluții notabile. Progresele de substanță, înregistrate în dezvoltarea unei formule integrate de promovare a acțiunii externe, validează ipoteza centrală a studiului de față, potrivit căreia cooperarea europeană în domeniul apărării tinde să devină unul dintre elementele de susținere importante a acțiunii externe. Pornind de la această premisă, o altă direcție de analiză aprofundată în paginile următoare vizează relația ambivalentă dintre susținerea financiară, pe care acțiunea externă o receptează prin intermediul noului Cadru multianual 2021-2027, și inițiativele concrete, dezvoltate sub egida PSAC, cu aplicabilitate în domeniul militar.

European defence cooperation has recently made significant progress in a wide range of instruments aimed in particular at streamlining the way in which defence capabilities are generated under the auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). In this context, there is also an interest in optimising the defence planning process by strengthening the integrated nature and ensuring interconnectivity between the different CSDP-related initiatives, such as the Permanent Structured Cooperation, the European Defence Fund or the Capability Development Plan. Thus, the launch of the Coordinated Annual Review on Defence (CARD) is an endeavour to help harmonise these initiatives by identifying concrete opportunities for cooperation between Member States and making recommendations to guide cooperation between Member States. The potential of CARD has been preliminary tested within two operating cycles, with promising results and practical effects in generating optimal formulas for the use of Member States' resources. From this perspective, the study aims to deepen the way CARD contributes to the creation of an integrated framework for the functioning of European defence cooperation. The article also proposes a comprehensive perspective by analysing how CARD contributes to guiding the interaction between Member States on the capability dimension and, last but not least, to strengthening EU-NATO complementarity. The main premise of this approach is precisely to value the potential of CARD to ensure the sustainability of cooperation under the aegis of CSDP. At the same time, the overriding interest of Member States in ensuring the transposition of the recommendations and cooperation priorities identified by CARD at the level of national defence planning processes is considered.

European defence cooperation is one of the projects with a specific dynamism demonstrated in recent years through concrete initiatives with a certain multidisciplinary character. In this context, how European armaments cooperation supports the political objectives of sustaining an enhanced EU profile in the field of crisis management has been a priority. The practical reflection of this approach is related with a temporal perspective whose initial landmarks are set in the immediate post-Second World War. The development process evolved towards a European model of armaments cooperation based on two typologies. Firstly, they aim at associating armaments cooperation to the institutional framework of international organizations, as is the case with the Western European Union, NATO and the European Union. In addition, there are formulas of cooperation between European states developed outside the EU or NATO framework. Recent achievements indicate the feasibility of this solution, which also reflects the progress made in the overall process of developing the EU's profile and contribution as a relevant actor in the security context.

Cooperarea europeană în domeniul apărării reprezintă unul dintre proiectele cu un dinamism demonstrat în ultimii ani prin inițiative concrete cu un pronunțat caracter multidisciplinar. În acest context, modul în care cooperarea europeană în domeniul armamentelor sprijină obiectivele politice de susținere a unui profil consolidat al UE în domeniul managementului crizelor a reprezentat o prioritate. Reflectarea practică a acestei abordări a vizat o perspectivă temporală ale cărei repere inițiale se plasează în contextul imediat al perioadei de după terminarea celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Modalitatea de concretizare a evoluat către un model european de cooperare în domeniul armamentelor, care se bazează pe două tipologii. Acestea vizează, în primul rând, asocierea cooperării în domeniul armamentelor de cadrul instituțional al organizațiilor internaționale, așa cum este cazul Uniunii Europei Occidentale, NATO și Uniunii Europene. Se adaugă formulele de cooperare între statele europene dezvoltate în afara cadrului UE sau NATO. Rezultatele înregistrate în ultima perioadă indică fezabilitatea acestei soluții care reflectă, de asemenea, progresele înregistrate în procesul general de dezvoltare a profilului și contribuției UE ca actor relevant în contextul de securitate.

This article brings to attention one of the main developments recorded in the context of European defence cooperation, namely the establishment of the European Defence Fund (EDF). Conceived as an initiative aimed at contributing to the financial support of cooperation projects in the fields of capability development and defence research, the EDF represents an innovation that began to operate starting with 2021, offering additional perspectives for strengthening the Common Security and Defence Policy. Although it is a new initiative, the European Defence Fund was preceded by preparatory measures in which the necessary procedural framework and mechanisms were defined. From this perspective, the analysis developed in this article deepens the thesis regarding the positive impact of EDF for the sustainability of European cooperation in the field of defence. The strategic value of the new tool for integrating capability development and research aspects is another direction explored in the article. Last but not least, the economic role of EDF benefits of special attention in this study, from the perspective of the way in which various entities from the EU territory perceived EDF, being reflected mainly in the increase of their participation in the drafting projects and participating in competition.

Articolul de față aduce în atenție una dintre principalele evoluții înregistrate în contextul cooperării europene în domeniul apărării, vizând crearea Fondului European de Apărare (EDF). Gândit ca o inițiativă, menită să contribuie la susținerea financiară a proiectelor de cooperare în domeniul dezvoltării capabilităților și cercetării de apărare, EDF reprezintă o inovație care a început să funcționeze din 2021, oferind perspective suplimentare de consolidare a Politicii de Securitate și Apărare Comune. Deși este o inițiativă nouă, intrarea în funcțiune a Fondului European de Apărare a fost devansată de o etapă pregătitoare, în care au fost definite cadrul procedural și mecanismele necesare funcționării noului instrument. Pe aceste coordonate, analiza dezvoltată la nivelul articolului vine să aprofundeze teza privind impactul pozitiv al EDF pentru sustenabilitatea cooperării europene în domeniul apărării. Valoarea strategică a noului instrument pentru integrarea problematicilor privind dezvoltarea de capabilități și cercetarea reprezintă o altă direcție aprofundată în cadrul articolului. Nu în ultimul rând, rolul economic al EDF beneficiază de o evaluare atentă în cadrul acestui studiu, din perspectiva modalității de raportare a entităților de profil de pe teritoriul UE, reflectat în creșterea participării acestora în procesul de promovare a proiectelor de cooperare.

European cooperation in the field of defence has registered significant progress in the last years, both from an operational perspective as well as in terms of developing security and defence capabilities. Against this background, several initiatives have been launched to address the issue of capabilities development by gearing multinational cooperation formulas towards filling the gaps identified in the defence planning under the aegis of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), an initiative launched on November 13, 2017, through the Joint Notification signed by the ministers of foreign affairs and defence from 25 EU Member States, plays a decisive role in the success of this endeavor. As an expression of the intergovernmental nature of the security and defence dimension at EU level, PESCO has rapidly evolved into a platform for cooperation between Member States in the development of defence capabilities, covering a wide range of areas. Thus, in less than five years, PESCO encompassed 60 cooperation projects. Moreover, at the end of February 2022, the first capability developed under this initiative was activated in an operational context. These aspects were meant to highlight the potential that the Permanent Structured Cooperation can employ in supportting the process of developing the EU's security and defence profile and contribution.

The development of the EU's security and defence profile has been a constant over the last two decades and one of the most dynamic projects of European integration. In this sense, last few years have recorded significant progress, illustrated both by the conduct of a significant number of civilian and military operations in different geographical perimeters, as well as by the launch of cooperation initiatives in the field of defence capabilities and defence research. The reporting framework of these developments has also undergone major changes, integrated into the process of establishment the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB). After an initial stage of conceptual structuring, carried out between 2007-2013, the profile of this construct has matured rapidly in recent years, offering consistent prospects in terms of supporting EU security and defence objectives. To this end, practical projects on defence capabilities and research have been developed through EDTIB in line with the Common Security and Defence Policy agenda. An extremely important role is represented by the consolidation of the financial potential associated with EDTIB to support cooperation projects and initiatives. The use of EU budget resources, stimulated in the context of EDTIB, represents a strategic paradigm shift in which European cooperation has evolved. The results recorded so far indicate the viability of the approach, supported by Member States' interest in deepening this trend, including by consolidating investment in defence and industrial purposes.

Cooperarea europeană în domeniul apărării a înregistrat în ultima perioadă progrese semnificative atât din perspectivă operațională, cât și în ceea ce privește dezvoltarea capabilităților de securitate și apărare. În acest context, se plasează lansarea unor inițiative în care problema capabilităților este abordată prin orientarea formulelor de cooperare multinaționale către acoperirea deficitelor identificate în cadrul procesului de planificare derulat sub egida Politicii de Securitate și Apărare Comună. Un rol determinant pentru succesul acestui demers îl are Cooperarea Structurată Permanentă (PESCO), inițiativă lansată la 13 noiembrie 2017, prin Notificarea Comună semnată de miniștrii de externe și ai apărării din 25 de state membre UE. Expresie a caracterului interguvernamental al dimensiunii de securitate și apărare la nivelul Uniunii Europene, PESCO a evoluat rapid către o platformă de cooperare între statele membre pentru dezvoltarea capabilităților de apărare, acoperind o gamă largă de domenii. Astfel, în mai puțin de cinci ani de funcționare, sub egida PESCO au fost inițiate 60 de proiecte de cooperare. De asemenea, la sfârșitul lunii februarie 2022 a fost activată în context operațional prima capabilitate dezvoltată sub auspiciile acestei inițiative. Aceste aspecte sunt de natură să evidențieze potențialul pe care Cooperarea Structurată Permanentă îl poate angaja în susținerea procesului de dezvoltare a profilului și contribuției UE în domeniul securității și apărării.

Dezvoltarea profilului UE în domeniul securității și apărării a reprezentat o constantă a ultimelor două decenii, fiind unul dintre proiectele cele mai dinamice ale integrării europene. Pe aceste coordonate, ultimii ani au consemnat progrese semnificative, ilustrate atât prin derularea unui număr semnificativ de operații civile și militare, în diferite perimetre geografice, cât și prin lansarea unor inițiative de cooperare în domeniul capabilităților de apărare, respectiv al cercetării în acest domeniu. Cadrul de raportare al acestor evoluții a cunoscut, de asemenea, schimbări majore, integrate în procesul de realizare a Bazei Industriale și Tehnologice de Apărare Europeană (EDTIB). După o etapă de structurare conceptuală derulată între anii 2007-2013, profilul acestui construct s-a maturizat accelerat în ultimii ani, oferind perspective consistente în ceea ce privește susținerea obiectivelor asumate de UE în domeniul securității și apărării. În acest sens, au fost elaborate proiecte practice privind capabilitățile și cercetarea în domeniul apărării, prin intermediul EDTIB, în acord cu agenda Politicii de Securitate și Apărare Comune. Un rol extrem de important îl reprezintă consolidarea potențialului financiar asociat EDTIB pentru susținerea proiectelor și inițiativelor de cooperare. Utilizarea resurselor bugetului Uniunii Europene, stimulată în contextul EDTIB, reprezintă o schimbare strategică de paradigmă în care cooperarea europeană a evoluat până acum. Rezultatele înregistrate până în prezent indică viabilitatea abordării, susținută prin interesul statelor membre de aprofundare a acestei tendințe, inclusiv prin consolidarea investițiilor în domeniul apărării și finalitate industrială.

"The development of the command and control capability for the crisis management operations conducted by the European Union has been a constant element in the context of European security and defence cooperation. The particular profile of the regulatory framework governing the activities performed under the auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy has led to a specific EU capability building process. The formulas promoted in relation to both civilian and military components have taken various forms. However, the constant trend is to consolidate the options that the EU can employ in generating and conducting its own operations. They will add to the EU-NATO cooperation framework, developed from the earliest moments of the launch of European military operations. The developments in terms of the potential to generate and lead mixed civil-military commitments have been placed on similar coordinates. In practice, the stage in the development of the EU's command and control capabilities attests to the existence of a comprehensive and equally complex instrument that the EU can employ in managing its own operational commitments."

"The operational dynamics associated with the development of European security and defence cooperation has undergone significant developments in recent years, reflected in the European Union's numerous operational commitments. In this context, the issue of developing command and control arrangements to support an ever-expanding operational agenda has been a constant concern. We can talk about structuring a model used by the European Union in which there are a number of options that this organisation can use in structuring its own operations. In this inventory, the conduct of EU operations using NATO means and capabilities was the approach initially addressed, which continues to be used in the context of the two organisations' commitments in the Balkans. In addition to the operational aspects, the use of this cooperation framework has allowed the deepening of the NATO-EU Strategic Partnership, with a positive impact on strengthening European and Euro-Atlantic security."

This study aims to analyse the contribution of regional cooperation formulas in generating multinational formations that may be subject to participation in crisis management operations. From a chronological perspective, the development of formats of interaction in the field of defence were initiated in the period immediately following the Second World War, having as dominant reasons the creation of an efficient defence system to counter the Soviet threat. The criteria underlying the emergence of such formats undoubtedly concerned historical experience and affinities between European states, reinforced by the advantages of using geographical proximity in the development of joint programmes with immediate military applicability. On those coordinates, the regional dynamics recorded significant developments in the following decades, most of the initiatives being connected to varying degrees to the defence effort carried out in the context of NATO and the Western European Union (WEU). The end of the Cold War and, subsequently, the reorientation of multinational defence cooperation in support of crisis management efforts brought new challenges and opportunities for the optimization of regional interaction formulas. Most of them were focused on capitalizing on the results recorded in the operational contexts of the period, through which the structures generated through the regional cooperation were tested in demanding operational environments, offering validations for the continuation of this type of interaction and the consolidation of their permanence. Under those auspices, the launch of the European Security and Defence Policy provided an additional opportunity to exploit the potential of regional cooperation formats. Basically, they proved to be a link between the potential developed under the aegis of the WEU and the process of creating the EU profile in the field of security and defence. Regional cooperation initiatives must also be seen as an essential provider of forces and capabilities to support the objectives adopted by the EU in the context of defence cooperation. This trend has intensified as the European defence project has advanced, offering consolidated prospects for upporting this endeavour.