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AbstractThis article examines the politics of protest in Pakistan as practiced by the human rights activists and litigants seeking justice for people who have been "disappeared" by the state's military and intelligence services. Based on fieldwork among the family members and friends of these "missing" persons, it discusses how they create dossiers of memory to retain the memory of the disappeared within public sphere and records. Most studies of state bureaucracy and legality trace their history—assumed to be embedded in official files and documents—in state archives. The dossiers assembled by families and friends challenge the state narrative on its war against terrorism and serve as counter‐archives through which state violence can be traced politically and ethnically and mapped geographically. The article draws attention to how marginalized groups use law and its documentary forms against the state in order to hold it accountable for the excesses committed against them.

AbstractThis paper examines how relationships are 'built' among khwajasaras [non‐normative non‐binary persons] and female jouno karmis [sex workers] in two sites in Pakistan and India respectively. We focus on the non‐normative nature of these relationships, first, to disassemble gender normativity itself; second, to argue that the colonial legacy of bureaucratic norming of kinship in South Asia, anchored in legal consanguinity and affinity on one hand, and territory and patriarchy on the other, erases these found relationships. Finally, in formulating what we term, 'relative kinship' –authenticating one's identity and belonging as a citizen typically through a male kin –we trace the current impetus in Pakistan and India to algorithmically converge biographies and biometrics to recalibrate citizenship. We ask, how may we understand the built lives of those deemed by the state to be legally out of place as 'aliens' or 'foreigners'. Through the lens of kinship and gender modalities in marginalized communities, the article has wider implications for thinking about the kinship‐nation continuum and the ways in which one does or can belong, if at all.

Das Verschwinden von Menschenrechtler(inn)en und politischen Aktivist(inn)en ist ein Indikator für das allumfassende Überwachungs- und Strafregime im heutigen Pakistan. Frühere Militärregime waren berüchtigt dafür, dass sie Meinungsverschiedenheiten nicht tolerierten. Unter demokratischer Herrschaft scheint das erzwungene Verschwindenlassen jedoch in eine organisierte Form übergegangen zu sein. Was als militärische Taktik zur Bekämpfung militanter Gruppen im Nordwesten Pakistans begann, ist allmählich zu einem Instrument geworden, um politische Meinungsverschiedenheiten und öffentlichen Dissens einzudämmen. Der Autor beschreibt diese Entwicklung.

Ecological economics is an exciting interdisciplinary field of study that combines insights from the natural sciences, economics, philosophy and other fields to develop innovative approaches to environmental problems. It draws on a wide range of analytical perspectives, some radical others more conventional, to build a more complete understanding of human-ecosystem interactions. Current research in the field includes work on nature conservation, land use planning, pollution control, natural resource management, and environmental impact assessment/evaluation. Ecological Economics provides a com

Medical gas delivery equipment is a potential source of patient injury. Recent attention in health care has been on the architecture design of operation theater including equipment, technology, and patient safety. Oxygen cylinder failure is a rare but potentially cataphoric event that can affect the care of patients. Anesthetic gas delivery devices are a concern because they exhibit several basic features that may predispose to critical events and subsequent patient injury. This cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 267 from different private medical care centers in Peshawar through a convenience sampling technique from March 2018 to August 2018. A pretested questionnaire proforma was used for data collection. Ethical approval obtained from the head of the institute and a consent form was also signed from concern. Semi government and government hospital, central pipeline supply system was excluded from this study. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 22. A total of 267 oxygen cylinders were observed in which (n=165, 61.7%) cylinders were properly color-coded and the rest (n=102, 38.3%) were not. Of total, (23, 8.6%) cylinders were tested for compliance while 244 (91.3) were not tested, valve cap was present on (n=89, 33.3%), and rest of (n=178, 66.6%) were missing. Lifting (48%), was the major transport process. The least process was rolling (n=28, 10%). we concluded that all the ignorance which has been predominant in private medical care centers may pose a constant threat to the patient's life and for the operating room team.