La Argentina se encuentra en una encrucijada. El nuevo gobierno niega el papel protagónico del Estado y se ocupa de desmontar los logros alcanzados en el campo de la ciencia y la tecnología. Contrariamente a ello, lo que necesitamos es un Estado inteligente, robusto y con la legitimidad política para disciplinar a los poderes fácticos, un empresariado convencido de que hay que diversificar la estructura productiva y una política exterior consistente con el proyecto de desarrollo económico. Solo con ello podremos pensarnos nuevamente como un país soberano y liberado del colonialismo corporativo. ; Fil: Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios de Historia de la Ciencia y de la Técnica "José Babini"; Argentina. Ministerio de Ciencia. Tecnología e Innovación Productiva. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica; Argentina
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century a varied collection of pressure mechanisms were deployed from nuclear technology exporting countries — mainly from the US — to obstruct the development of a group of semi-peripheral countries' autonomous nuclear capabilities. Argentina was part of this group. This article focuses on how "fear" of nuclear proliferation was used by US foreign policy as one of the most effective political artifacts to construct and protect an oligopolistic nuclear market. Spread by the press and by some prestigious social science sectors from the US and some European countries, a persistent and dense discourse production was devoted over several decades to the bizarre practice of "calculating" the alleged hidden intentions of those semi-peripheral countries which aspired to dominate as many technologies of the nuclear fuel cycle as possible. ; Fil: Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Throughout the second half of the twentieth century a varied collection of pressure mechanisms were deployed from nuclear technology exporting countries — mainly from the US — to obstruct the development of a group of semi-peripheral countries' autonomous nuclear capabilities. Argentina was part of this group. This article focuses on how "fear" of nuclear proliferation was used by US foreign policy as one of the most effective political artifacts to construct and protect an oligopolistic nuclear market. Spread by the press and by some prestigious social science sectors from the US and some European countries, a persistent and dense discourse production was devoted over several decades to the bizarre practice of "calculating" the alleged hidden intentions of those semi-peripheral countries which aspired to dominate as many technologies of the nuclear fuel cycle as possible. ; Fil: Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Argentina
En junio de 1943 se produjo en la Argentina un golpe de Estado que inició un proceso de enfrentamientos entre un importante sector de científicos académicos y el gobierno militar de facto. Como resultado, muchos científicos perdieron sus cargos en las universidades, entre ellos el grupo liderado por el fisiólogo Bernardo Houssay, que iba a obtener el premio Nobel de Fisiología en 1947. A partir de ese momento, este grupo de médicos impulsaron la creación de una serie de institutos privados de investigación sostenidos por filántropos locales y por la Rockefeller Foundation. Este proceso continuó durante el gobierno democrático de Juan Perón (1946-1955). El presente artículo analiza este "proyecto" de creación de institutos privados —sus motivaciones y objetivos— como un proceso de institucionalización "paralelo" y divergente respecto de las iniciativas impulsadas para la ciencia y la tecnología desde el sector público. Este "desdoblamiento" del proceso de institucionalización, encarnado en ideologías, modelos institucionales y jerarquías epistémicas difícilmente compatibles, iba a tener consecuencias de largo alcance para el futuro desarrollo de la investigación en la Argentina. ; In June 1943 took place a coup d'etat in Argentina that initiated a process of confrontation between an important sector of academic scientists and the de facto military government. As a result, many scientists lost their positions at universities, between them a group of biomedical scientists led by the physiologist Bernardo Houssay, who was to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1947. From that moment on, supported by local philanthropists and the Rockefeller Foundation, Houssay's group began to promote the creation of a series of private research institutes. This process continued during the democratic government of Juan Perón (1946-1955). This article analyzes this "project" —its motivations and objectives— as a process of "parallel" institutionalization which was divergent from the initiatives promoted for science and technology by the public sector. This "splitting" of the institutionalization process, embodied in ideologies, institutional models and hardly compatible epistemic hierarchies, would have far-reaching consequences for the future development of research in Argentina. ; Fil: Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego Fabian. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios de Historia de la Ciencia y de la Técnica "jose Babini"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Fernandez, María Jose. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios de Historia de la Ciencia y de la Técnica "Jose Babini"; Argentina
South America is a region which is free from nuclear weapons. However, this was not an inevitable development from the relationships among its countries. Indeed, regional rivalries between Brazil and Argentina, with military implications for both countries, lasted a long time. After wwii these countries took part in the race to obtain nuclear technologies and nuclear ambitions were part of the game. In the mid 1980s, the end of military dictatorships and the successful establishing of democratic institutions put an end to the race. Thus regional and national interests in addition to the establishment of democracies in Latin America have been responsible for the building of trust between the two countries. Meaningful international initiatives are once again needed in the framework of worldwide cooperation. This cooperation is better developed when democratic regimes are in place. ; Fil: Freire Jr., Olival. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil ; Fil: Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios de Historia de la Ciencia y de la Técnica "José Babini"; Argentina ; Fil: de Castro Moreira, Ildeu. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil ; Fil: de Souza Barros, Fernando. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil
