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Summary
This article explores morphine as an issue in the foreign relations between China and several colonial powers, notably Britain and the USA in the 1900s. The drug diplomacy on morphine in Sino-foreign relations during this period is mainly reflected in three events: the revisions of relevant commercial treaties in 1902–4, the negotiations about morphine import control in 1906–8, and related discussions at the Shanghai Opium Commission of 1909. A mixture of cooperation and competition marked the positions of the participating empires on morphine. The serpentine process of drug diplomacy on the morphine issue in the 1900s indicates the struggle of the Chinese authorities to assert themselves under the hegemony of the colonial powers. It also reflected the changing power balance and the ailing features of the empires at the dawn of the twentieth century.

Background: Education for children with autism in Thailand has three basic options; inclusive classroom, segregated classroom, and no school at all. Since children with autism is one of many types of disabilities that mandated in the law to have basic education that provided by the local schools, however, it seemed that children with autism is one group of disabilities that was mostly excluded from appropriate education. Objective: The purpose of this multiple-participant case study was to explore the factors that impetus parents and/or caregivers of children with autism in choosing the right education approach for their children. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, two types of data were collected. The open-ended interviews with focus groups with parents whose children attend each type of schools was conducted. The interview questions and topics used during the focus groups are designed to provide insight into what the parents and/or caregiver think about their choice of the school selected. Second, the formal and informal observation note that took in schools. Finally, the data were analyzed by using Nvivo program which was designed to organize and manage unstructured of qualitative data. Results: The results were lead to understand the question about educating children with autism in four main area: 1) educational historical determinism which referred to agendas that related to educating children with autism; but still had not yet fully implemented; 2) government marginalization of the need of education for children with autism which referred to unclear legislation about how to make the law related in educating these children plausible; 3) parental and societal: lack of understanding of educating children with special needs which referred to the misconception about these children learning ability; and 4) educational: unbalanced and unequipped special education professionals and the crucial reality consideration which referred to the questionable skills of teachers in teaching these specific group of children. Conclusions: This study provided information with a reasonably good understanding of the indication of the academic and behavioral expectations for children with autism who attend the school which leaded to the conclusion of the appropriate school for these children with autism. ; บทนำ: การศึกษาสำหรับเด็กพิเศษโดยเฉพาะเด็กออทิสติกในประเทศไทย แบ่งเป็น 3 ระบบ คือ ห้องเรียนร่วม ห้องเรียนพิเศษ หรือไม่ได้เข้าเรียน โดยเด็กออทิสติกจัดเป็นส่วนหนึ่งในกลุ่มเด็กพิเศษที่ตามกฎหมายจะต้องได้รับการศึกษาพื้นฐานโดยการจัดการศึกษาตามกฎหมายว่าด้วยการได้รับการศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐานจากโรงเรียนในสังกัดพื้นที่ แต่ในความเป็นจริงแล้วเด็กออทิสติกกลับเป็นเด็กที่ถูกละเลยจากระบบการศึกษา วัตถุประสงค์: เพื่อศึกษาปัจจัยที่ส่งผลต่อการเลือกรูปแบบการศึกษาสำหรับเด็กออทิสติก ของบิดามารดาหรือผู้ปกครอง วิธีการศึกษา: การวิจัยแบบคุณภาพโดยเก็บข้อมูล 2 ส่วน ประการแรกคือ การใช้แบบสอบถามปลายเปิดกับบิดามารดาหรือผู้ปกครองที่มีบุตรหลานเป็นเด็กออทิสติก ซึ่งเข้าเรียนในแต่ละรูปแบบการสอน โดยข้อมูลที่ได้จากการตอบแบบสอบถามนี้จะทำให้ได้ข้อมูลเชิงลึกว่าเหตุใดรูปแบบการศึกษานี้จึงเป็นรูปแบบที่ถูกเลือก ประการที่สองคือ การสังเกตการณ์ซึ่งมีทั้งการเก็บข้อมูลแบบเป็นระเบียบแบบแผนและไม่เป็นระเบียบแบบแผน จากนั้นข้อมูลทั้งหมดที่ได้จากเก็บรวบรวมจะนำมาวิเคราะห์และจับกลุ่มโดยใช้โปรแกรม NVivo ซึ่งเป็นโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์ที่ช่วยจัดระเบียบข้อมูลสำหรับงานวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ ผลการศึกษา: ปัจจัยที่ส่งผลให้บิดามารดาหรือผู้ปกครองเลือกรูปแบบการศึกษาสำหรับเด็กออทิสติกประกอบด้วย 4 ปัจจัย คือ 1) กฎหมายเกี่ยวกับการจัดการศึกษาให้แก่เด็กออทิสติก ซึ่งยังไม่ถูกนำมาใช้ในทางปฏิบัติ 2) จากการที่รัฐบาลไม่ได้เล็งเห็นความสำคัญเรื่องการให้การศึกษาแก่เด็กออทิสติกอย่างแท้จริง ทำให้เกิดคำถามต่างๆ เมื่อถึงเวลาที่เด็กออทิสติกต้องเข้าระบบโรงเรียน 3) ความตระหนักรู้ของสังคมเกี่ยวกับการให้การศึกษาแก่เด็กออทิสติก ซึ่งรวมถึงเรื่องของความสามารถทางการเรียนของเด็กเหล่านี้ และ 4) ระบบการศึกษาพิเศษที่ยังไม่เอื้อต่อการจัดการศึกษาให้แก่เด็กออทิสติกทั้งในเรื่องของครูหรือวิธีการสอน สรุป: การศึกษานี้ทำให้สามารถพิจารณาข้อมูลต่างๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับระบบการศึกษาและพฤติกรรมต่างๆ ของเด็กออทิสติกที่ส่งผลต่อการเข้าเรียนในแต่ละรูปแบบของการศึกษา ซึ่งนำไปสู่ข้อสรุปของปัจจัยที่ส่งผลให้บิดามารดาหรือผู้ปกครองเลือกรูปแบบการศึกษาสำหรับเด็กออทิสติกเหล่านี้

An unseen risk (UR) means that there is miserly information about that risk. Traditional mathematical paradigms for risk analysis, especially probability models based on the law of large numbers, cannot analyze any UR. In this paper, we for the first time propose granule-state intelligent mathematics (GSIM) based on granules and states as basic elements. "Concept", "Knowledge", and "Consciousness" are referred to as granules in thinking activities. A certain situation in which a granule may change is called the state of that granule. Traditional mathematics is a special case of GSIM. All operations and models in traditional mathematics are operations and models in GSIM. In addition, the basic operations in GSIM should at least include averaging, cracking, interaction, stacking, and fusion. This paper discusses the granule-state diffusion model that achieves "drawing inferences about other cases from one instance" through mutual reference and uses this model to analyze again a case of death risk in a virtual city at the beginning of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in March 2020. According to the diffusion model of GSIM, the possibility of "Significant Increase" in infection rate is 0.354, which is much higher than the possibility of "Stable" which is 0.131. It is inferred that within the next 30 days, in this city with a population of 10 million, the death toll of COVID-19 will exceed 189170, the result of analysis in 2020. It has been proven that the infection rate in uncontrolled areas has significantly increased since March 2020. The paper's core contribution is not in the suggested model, but the view of point that it is times to study IM for supporting artificial intelligence (AI). GSIM opened a narrow seam to show a new world, where AI supported by IM might have consciousness and will be smarter.

Danmaku is a new commentary design for online videos. Unlike traditional forums where comments are displayed asynchronously below a video screen in order of when the comments are posted, danmaku comments are overlaid on the screen and displayed along with the video. This new design creates a pseudo-synchronous effect by displaying asynchronous comments with certain video segments in a synchronous fashion, and the links between danmaku comments and the video segments are defined by users. Danmaku is gaining popularity; however, little is known, compared to the traditional forum design, regarding how effective the new danmaku design is in promoting social interactions among online users. In this work, we collected 38,399 danmaku comments and 16,414 forum comments posted in 2017 on 30 popular videos on Bilibili.com. We compared user participation from different perspectives, e.g., number of comments, sentiment of the comments, language patterns, and ways of knowledge sharing. Our results showed that compared to the traditional linear design, the danmaku design significantly promoted user participation, i.e., there were more users and more comments in danmaku. Additionally, active users posted more positive comments, though they were anonymous; more linguistic memes were used in danmaku, suggesting that it was used to facilitate community-building. In addition to its effectiveness in promoting social interactions, our results also show that danmaku and forum designs play complementary roles in knowledge sharing, where danmaku comments involved more explicit (know-what) knowledge sharing, and forum comments exhibited more tacit (know-how) knowledge sharing. Our findings contribute to the development of social presence theory and have design implications for better social interaction via online videos.

Previous researchers reported that parental conflict seems to have considerable influence on children's marital attitudes. The present study examined the status and the relationships between parental conflict and students' attitudes toward marriage among Taiwanese college students. The "Parental Marital Conflict Scale" and "Marital Attitude Scale" were used as research tools, and data from 1,113 college students were analyzed. We utilized SPSS software to analyze the data and to shed light on whether there are significant differences between genders and between different family types with regard to attitudes toward marriage. The findings show that increased levels of parental conflict had a negative influence on students' attitudes toward marriage. Male students' attitudes toward marriage were more positive than females in general, and students from intact families or families with lower parental conflict reported more positive attitudes toward marriage when compared with those from non-intact families or families with higher parental conflict. We conclude that future studies are needed to better understand these and other factors that influence attitudes towards marriage and possible proactive strategies that might prevent marital problems.

The government of Taiwan is aware that the Spanish is the second most spoken language in the world. University conscious of this fact is assuming its teaching either as an optional subject or degree. The universities that have higher enrollment of students and with the Department of Spanish are: Fujen, Providence, Tamkang and Wenzao. In this situation we have considered important to conduct an analysis of their curriculum and come to other conclusions about the Department of Spanish have a structuralist orientation supported by the traditional method and somewhat away from the recommendations of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes.Today in the curriculum of foreign languages is essential sociocultural and intercultural competence, so that they serve the students as a bridge between Taiwanese culture and Spanish culture. But the Departments of Spanish of Taiwan, focus more on the content of «Culture with a capital C» and this has little to do with everyday life, therefore students can't easily understand. As a result, we must strengthen the aspects related to the «culture with a little c» and «culture with a k» which revolve around the social and cultural aspects of the target culture, themes that would enhance intercultural competence and communicative competence. ; El gobierno de Taiwán es consciente de que el español es la segunda lengua más hablada en el mundo. La universidad ante tal realidad está asumiendo su enseñanza ya como asignatura optativa o como licenciatura. Las universidades que cuentan con mayor matrícula y con departamento de español son: Fujen, Providence, Tamkang y Wenzao. Ante tal situación hemos considerado importante realizar un análisis sobre sus planes de estudio y hemos llegado entre otras conclusiones a que tienen una orientación estructuralista apoyada en el método tradicional y algo alejada de las recomendaciones del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas y del Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes.Hoy en los planes de estudio de lenguas extrajeras es fundamental la competencia sociocultural e intercultural, pues sirve al alumnado de puente entre la cultura taiwanesa y la española. Pero los Departamentos de Español de Taiwán se centran más en los contenidos de «Cultura con mayúscula» y ésta no guarda mucha relación con la vida cotidiana, por lo tanto, los estudiantes no pueden comprenderla fácilmente. Así pues, hay que potenciar los aspectos relacionados con la «Cultura con minúscula» y con la «Kultura con k», que giran en torno a los aspectos socioculturales de la cultura meta, temas que potenciarían la competencia intercultural y la competencia comunicativa.