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In addition to objects and relationships between them, groups or clusters of objects are an essential part of many real-world datasets: party affiliation in political networks, types of living organisms in the tree of life, movie genres in the internet movie database. In recent visualization methods, such group information is conveyed by explicit regions that enclose related elements. However, when in addition to fixed cluster membership, the input elements also have fixed positions in space (e.g., geo-referenced data), it becomes difficult to produce readable visualizations. In such fixed-clustering and fixed-embedding settings, some methods produce fragmented regions, while other produce contiguous (connected) regions that may contain overlaps even if the input clusters are disjoint. Both fragmented regions and unnecessary overlaps have a detrimental effect on the interpretation of the drawing. With this in mind, we propose MapSets: a visualization technique that combines the advantages of both methods, producing maps with non-fragmented and non-overlapping regions. The proposed method relies on a theoretically sound geometric algorithm which guarantees contiguity and disjointness of the regions, and also optimizes the convexity of the regions. A fully functional implementation is available in an online system and is used in a comparison with related earlier methods. © 2015, Brown University. All right reserved. ; National Science Foundation, NSF: 1115971

Full list of authors: Gupta, Rahul; Oates, S. R.; Pandey, S. B.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Joshi, Jagdish C.; Hu, Y. -D; Valeev, A. F.; Zhang, B. B.; Zhang, Z.; Kumar, Amit; Aryan, A.; Lien, A ; Kumar, B.; Cui, Ch; Wang, Ch; Dimple; Bhattacharya, D.; Sonbas, E.; Bai, J.; Tello, J. C.; Gorosabel, J.; Castro Cerón, J. M.; Porto, J. R. F.; Misra, K.; De Pasquale, M.; Caballero-García, M. D.; Jelínek, M.; Kubánek, P.; Minaev, P.; Cunniffe, R.; Sánchez-Ramírez, R.; Guziy, S.; Jeong, S.; Tiwari, S. N.; Razzaque, S.; Bhalerao, V.; Pintado, V. C.; Sokolov, V. V.; Zhao, X.; Fan, Y.; Xin, Y. ; We present and perform a detailed analysis of multiwavelength observations of GRB 140102A, an optical bright GRB with an observed reverse shock (RS) signature. Observations of this GRB were acquired with the BOOTES-4 robotic telescope, the Fermi, and the Swift missions. Time-resolved spectroscopy of the prompt emission shows that changes to the peak energy (Ep) tracks intensity and the low-energy spectral index seems to follow the intensity for the first episode, whereas this tracking behaviour is less clear during the second episode. The fit to the afterglow light curves shows that the early optical afterglow can be described with RS emission and is consistent with the thin shell scenario of the constant ambient medium. The late time afterglow decay is also consistent with the prediction of the external forward shock model. We determine the properties of the shocks, Lorentz factor, magnetization parameters, and ambient density of GRB 140102A, and compare these parameters with another 12 GRBs, consistent with having RS produced by thin shells in an interstellar medium like medium. The value of the magnetization parameter (RB ≈ 18) indicates a moderately magnetized baryonic dominant jet composition for GRB 140102A. We also report the host galaxy photometric observations of GRB 140102A obtained with 10.4 m GTC, 3.5 m Calar Alto Astronomical Observatory, and 3.6 m Devasthal optical telescope and find the host (photo z = 2.8+0.7 −0.9) to be a high-mass, star-forming galaxy with a star formation rate of 20 ± 10 M yr−1. © 2021 The Author(s). ; RG, SBP, AA, DB, KM, and VB acknowledge BRICS grant DST/IMRCD/BRICS/PilotCall1/ProFCheap/2017(G) funded by Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, for the financial support. AA also acknowledges funds and assistance provided by the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), India. SRO acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministry, Project Number AYA2012-39727-C03-01. VAF was supported by RFBR 19-02-00311A grant. RG thanks Dr. V. Chand and Dr. P. S. Pal for help ing in high-energy data analysis and Bayesian Block algorithm. We are thankful to Dr. P. Veres for sharing data files related to Fig. 8(a). RG and SBP thank to Prof. A. R. Rao for reading the manuscript. RG and SBP are also thankful to Dr. Judith Racusin, Prof. Gudlaugur Johannesson, and Prof. Nicola Omodei from the LAT team for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript. This research has used data obtained from the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) and the Leicester Database and Archive Service (LEDAS), provided by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Leices ter University, UK, respectively. This work is based on observations made with the GTC, installed at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, in the island of La Palma. Also based on observations collected at the CAHA at Calar Alto, operated jointly by Junta de Andalucía and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC). The Fermi LAT Collaboration acknowledges generous ongoing support from a number of agencies and institutes that have supported both the development and the operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Department of Energy in the United States, the Commissariat a l' ` Energie Atomique and the Centre National de ´la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et ´ de Physique des Particules in France, the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in Japan, and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish National Space Agency in Sweden. Additional support for science analysis during the operations phase is gratefully acknowledged from the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Italy and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales in France. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. The part of the work was performed as part of the government contract of the SAO RAS approved by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

South Africa (SA) is in the process of amending its patent laws. Since its 2011 inception, Fix the Patent Laws, a coalition of 40 patient groups, has advocated for reform of SA's patent laws to improve affordability of medicines in the country. Building on two draft policies (2013, 2017) and a consultative framework (2016) for reform of SA's patent laws, Cabinet approved phase 1 of the Intellectual Property Policy of the Republic of South Africa on 23 May 2018. Fix the Patent Laws welcomed the policy, but highlighted concerns regarding the absence of important technical details, as well as the urgent need for government to develop bills, regulations and guidelines to provide technical detail and to codify and implement patent law reform in the country. In this article, we explore how reforms proposed in SA's new intellectual property policy could improve access to medicine through four medicine case studies.

South Africa (SA) is in the process of amending its patent laws. Since its 2011 inception, Fix the Patent Laws, a coalition of 40 patient groups, has advocated for reform of SA's patent laws to improve affordability of medicines in the country. Building on two draft policies (2013, 2017) and a consultative framework (2016) for reform of SA's patent laws, Cabinet approved phase 1 of the Intellectual Property Policy of the Republic of South Africa on 23 May 2018. Fix the Patent Laws welcomed the policy, but highlighted concerns regarding the absence of important technical details, as well as the urgent need for government to develop bills, regulations and guidelines to provide technical detail and to codify and implement patent law reform in the country. In this article, we explore how reforms proposed in SA's new intellectual property policy could improve access to medicine through four medicine case studies.

Background Despite the growing prevalence of depression in the Chinese elderly, there is conflicting evidence of life course socioeconomic position (SEP) and depression onset in China, and whether this association is akin to that observed in Western societies. We compared incident risk of mid-late life depression by childhood and adulthood SEP in China and England, a country where mental health inequality is firmly established. Methods Depression-free participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (N=8508) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N=6184) were studied over 4 years. Depressive symptoms were classified as incident cases using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale criteria. Associations between SEP (education, wealth, residence ownership and childhood/adolescent deprivation) and depression symptom onset were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. In China, we also investigated children's government employment status as a SEP marker. Results Higher education and wealth predicted lower incidence of depression in both countries. The association with non-ownership of residence appeared stronger in England (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.86) than in China (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.29), while that with childhood/adolescent deprivation was stronger in China (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.29 - 1.60) than in England (HR 1.33, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.92). Chinese adults whose children were employed in high-status government jobs, had lower rates of depression onset. Conclusions Consistent findings from China and England demonstrate that SEP is a pervasive determinant of mid-late life depression in very diverse social contexts. Together with conventional measures of SEP, the SEP of children also affects the mental health of older Chinese.