First records of didemnid ascidians harbouring Prochloron from Caribbean Panama: genetic relationships between Caribbean and Pacific photosymbionts and host ascidians
11 páginas, 13 figuras, 1 tabla. ; Two didemnid ascidians associating with cyanobacterial symbionts (Prochloron spp.) were firstly recorded from Caribbean Panama: Lissoclinum verrilli, which facultatively harboured Prochloron cells on the colony surface, and Diplosoma simile, which obligately harboured algal cells in the peribranchial and common cloacal cavities within the colonies. While L. verrilli sensu stricto has been exclusively recorded from the Bermudas and Caribbean islands, D. simile is widely distributed in tropical Indo-Pacific regions including oceanic islands such as Hawaii. Partial COI sequences of D. simile from the Caribbean were identical to those from the West Pacific, suggesting a high larval-dispersal ability and broad range of environmental tolerance. Molecular phylogenetics of the symbionts, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, revealed that both ascidian species were associated with Prochloron, while a Synechocystis sp. sequence was also obtained for L. verrilli. In addition, L. verrilli and D. simile harboured different phylotypes within the Prochloron lineage that included symbionts from various hosts and various Pacific sites. Our results indicate that multiple phylotypes of Prochloron exist in Caribbean Panama and that considering the abundance and the number of host species in the Pacific, Prochloron and D. simile may have come from tropical Indo-West Pacific. ; We are indebted to Drs R. Collin, G. Lambert and R. da Rocha for organizing 'Pan American Advanced Studies Institute: Advanced Tunicate Biology' at Bocas del Toro Research Station, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute sponsored by National Science Foundation (Grant No. OISE-1034665). We thank the staff of Bocas del Toro Research Station (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute) and the members of the tunicate course. The present study was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) no. 23510296 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, by the International Research Hub Project for Climate Change and Coral Reef/Island Dynamics from University of the Ryukyus, by projects CTM2010–17755 and CTM2010–22218 of the Spanish Government, and by the Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant FP7-PEOPLE-2010-RG 277038 within the 7th European Community Framework Programme. ; Peer reviewed