Abstract The past three decades have been a period of great change in Cuba's history. Cuba has remained steadfast in its socialist construction and renovation process, and thanks to the influence of favourable factors has overcome many difficulties and challenges on its own. This article studies the period of its development. It consists of three parts, after the Introduction and before the Conclusion. The first part provides an overview of Cuba's renovation process over the past 30 years (1993–2023). The second part affirms, analyzes, and demonstrates typical factors that have directly impacted Cuba's development and cooperation. The third part examines and evaluates Cuba's development orientation and its prospects.
India and Myanmar are two neighboring countries have a traditional, close and longstanding relationship. Through many vicissitudes and fluctuations of history, bilateral relations have been retained and developed since the Cold War to the present. In relations with Myanmar, India cannot ignore the Chinese factor. China is a "rising" power in Asia and a neighbor to both India and Myanmar. With the third largest area and largest population in the world, China has a very important influence on the diplomatic relations of the countries, including the relations between India and Myanmar. Considered as a strategic competitor of India in the 21st century, China has a great influence on the country in improving and developing relations with neighboring countries, including Myanmar. On the basis of the reference sources, this research's aim is to analyze China' role in India - Myanmar relations process in the years 1992 - 2014, thereby helping readers to recognize the great impact of the Chinese factor on the development of the relationship mentioned above. The scope of this research is the Chinese factor for India - Myanmar relations in the period when India implemented the "Look East" policy (1992 - 2014). The research shows that the factor's impact on India - Myanmar relations in the aforementioned period is regular and takes place in many fields, with the focus on political - diplomacy, economic and security - defense. With the strategic importance of neighboring Myanmar, India cannot "forget" its Chinese strategic competitor in relations with Myanmar as well as other neighboring countries in the 21st century.
Received: 7 November 2020 / Accepted: 21 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2020
The XXI is considered by major countries in the Asia-Pacific region as 'the century of sea and ocean' and is accompanied by fierce competition among the nations to gain interest in the sea regions. On the basis that previously only considered the competition for military objectives, geostrategic bases and traffic channels through the straits, nowadays, countries worldwide have stepped up the competition for economic interests and marine resources. The development of military power and the competitive activities for resources at sea show clear the tendency to use the sea to contain the continent. In that context, the Indian Ocean, as the world's third largest ocean, has an important geographic location and rich and diverse natural resources; the arterial sea route is gradually becoming the center of new world geopolitics and an important area in the strategic competition between two 'Asian giants' - India and China. The competition between these countries in the Indian Ocean is growing and profoundly impacts the region's stability and security. This article focuses on the position and important role of the Indian Ocean in the policies of India and China, the fierce competition between the two countries in nearly two decades of the XXI century.
Southeast Asia is one of the places where fierce rivalry is taking place between the two leading powers in the world today - the US and China. The US-China rivalry in this region takes place in key fields, from politics - diplomacy, economy, security - defense to "soft power", the most prominent of which is the South China Sea issue. This article analyzes the strategic importance of the South China Sea in the policy of the US and China, the competition between the US and China in Southeast Asia in general, and the South China Sea in particular. To achieve this goal, the authors use research methods in international relations to analyze the main issues of the study. In addition to reviewing previous scholarly research and reviews, the authors use a comparative approach to assess the interactions between theory and data. The authors believe the data is important for accurately assessing the strategic competition between the US and China in Southeast Asia and the South China Sea. The rise of China in the early years of the XXI century strongly influenced the adjustment of the US policy in Southeast Asia and the powerful US-China rivalry in this region and the South China Sea. This rivalry is becoming increasingly complicated, and geopolitical conflicts between major powers are possible in the following years.
During the colonial period in Indonesia (1799-1942), education played a pivotal role in the Dutch colonial government's strategy of establishing and maintaining its rule. This study employs qualitative analytical methods to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Dutch educational policies implemented throughout this period, examining their objectives, strategies, and impacts on Indonesian society. The Dutch applied a Western-style education system alongside the existing traditional Islamic education, with the dual aims of training personnel for the colonial administration and promoting cultural assimilation. The findings reveal the implementation of a "dual education system", with Western-style schools using Dutch as the language of instruction and traditional schools teaching in local languages. Over time, the education system evolved, establishing various types of schools, from primary to university levels. However, racial discrimination persisted in access and opportunities, posing significant barriers for indigenous Indonesians compared to their Dutch and Eurasian counterparts. Notably, this study highlights the unintended consequence of Western education nurturing an educated indigenous elite class, many of whom later became driving forces behind the nationalist movement for Indonesian independence. While serving colonial interests of training a loyal workforce and promoting cultural assimilation, the Dutch educational policy inadvertently laid the foundation for the modernization of Indonesia's education system and the emergence of a new intellectual class. The research findings contribute to understanding the complex role of education in the colonial context and its long-lasting impacts on Indonesia's development trajectory.
Received: 3 March 2024 / Accepted: 29 June 2024 / Published: 5 July 2024
Vietnamese people's belief of the worship Mother Goddesses of the Three Palaces and Four Palaces formed from the worship of women in traditional culture combined with the elements "Mother Goddess Lieu Hanh ", "the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms" was "molded" from a number of discrete worship activities into a systematic belief. Currently, Vietnamese mother-worshiping custom is divided into three different forms, namely Mother-worshiping in the North, Central and South, associated with the worshiping forms, the spaces of shrines, and different ritual practices of mediumship. This distinction is shaped on the basis of historical factors and the cultural acculturation and exchange in the process of the nation's southern advance. This is quite obvious through the form of the worship of the Mother Goddesses in the Central region especially in Hue. In this article, the origin of the custom of the worship of the Mother Goddesses of the Four Palaces in Hue is clarified. In addition, the development of this belief which bears many imprints of regional cultural interference and is one of the outstanding features of Vietnamese cultural diversity is explained through each historical period.
The article clarifies the process of Chinese people coming to the Southern region and gradually shaping the cultural and religious characteristics in the area with the largest concentration of Chinese people in Vietnam. In the context of great upheavals in China at the end of the 17th century, a large number of Chinese people boarded boats to leave their homeland and go south to find the promised land. When the Chinese came to Vietnam, they brought traditional beliefs from their homeland to the new land as a way to support their lives in the new land, and at the same time they also integrated and continued to live. absorbing and adapting the beliefs of the communities that had previously settled here (especially the Vietnamese community) to create unique characteristics in the religious activities of the Chinese people in the Southern region. In addition, we will analyze and compare the beliefs of the Chinese people in the South with the beliefs originating from China to see the change and mixture between Chinese culture and the culture of other communities. Indigenous residents during the community settlement process..
The emerging Indo-Pacific regional architecture is now considered to be a key factor in the fluctuations of world geopolitics and the main site of many power competitions. With its strategic, economic and commercial importance, the region has become the world's hotbed of international confrontation and conflicts in the 21st century. Following a discussion of certain nations' perspectives and responses to the free and open Indo-Pacific strategy, the article examines future cooperation tendencies in the free and open Indo-Pacific strategy, as well as evaluations of the plan's impact on the region and the globe. The paper employs qualitative analysis methods, specifically international relations research methods, historical and logical methods, as well as comparative methods by surveying secondary data and academic literature to assess the strategic calculations and responses of the US, China, and India towards the Indo-Pacific region. The article comes to the conclusion that, with more and more active participation in the Indo-Pacific regional architecture, regional countries and organizations are enhancing their position, creating a balance in international relations in the region. The shaping of the structure of the Indo-Pacific region, as well as the tendency of competition among countries promises to create a new area of power competition, along with new institutions are being formed.
