Suchergebnisse

The measures for the conservation of swordfish adopted by Chile encountered strong opposition from the European Union, which decided to appeal against Chile before the dispute settlement mechanisms of the WTO. For its part, Chile decided to appeal to the Tribunal of the Sea to establish its right to take conservation measures in the high seas adjacent to its exclusive economic zone. Although, for now, both procedures are suspended, it is interesting to review the strengths and weaknesses of the Chilean position. The effective force that the Chilean arguments may have will not only depend on their argumentative quality but also on their possibilities to face the substantive conflict of norms that underlies this controversy and to impose their position. Likewise, the controversy raises a conflict of jurisdiction that makes the dispute more complex if there are contradictory jurisdictional decisions. ; Las medidas para la conservación del pez espada adoptadas por Chile encontraron la fuerte oposición de la Unión Europea, que decidió recurrir contra Chile ante los mecanismos de solución de controversias de la OMC. Por su parte Chile, resolvió recurrir al Tribunal del Mar para establecer su derecho a tomar medidas de conservación en el alta mar adyacente a su zona económica exclusiva. Si bien, por ahora, ambos procedimientos se encuentran suspendidos, es interesante revisar las fortalezas y debilidades de la posición chilena. La fuerza efectiva que puedan tener sus argumentos chilenos no solo dependerá de la calidad argumentativa de los mismos sino también de sus posibilidades de enfrentar el conflicto sustantivo de normas que subyace a esta controversia e imponer su posición. Asimismo, la controversia plantea un conflicto de jurisdicción que complejiza la disputa si existiesen decisiones jurisdiccionales contradictorias.

The Control of Irrigation on a Slope of the Peruvian Andes

Herein, an account is given of a study that sought to confirm peasant's observations of a lack of water on the western slopes of the Andes, where irrigation is a necessity. Development organizations have used these observations to increase the capacity of artificial lakes and make irrigation canals (dating from before the 15th century and still in use) water-tight. The diagnosis of the gravitational irrigation system in Pampas district (Yauyos, Lima, Peru) shows that there is enough water available at present and that the possibilities of adjusting the system are limited. In the catchment basin, irrigators' associations adjust the size of fields, sowing dates, and water needs for crops (mainly maize and alfalfa) to the quantity of water stored during the rainy season. The system's future can be ensured only by limiting both water losses during the irrigation of lots and soil losses from runoff on the steep slopes (20%-70%). These results can be generalized to the various types of village hydraulic networks on the western slopes of the Andes.

Faced with the low success rates of protected areas in conserving natural forests and supporting rural development, the Malagasy government recently chose to transfer forest resource management to local communities. Feedback about the implementation of this new policy suggests that agriculture continues to drive deforestation. This article explores farmers' household livelihood strategies and land use changes in response to changing forest access rules arising from community-based land management. Based on studying in-depth surveys and participatory mapping in the eastern rain forest highlands, we outline patterns in farmers' responses, exploring the relationship between sociodemographic factors, livelihood strategies, and patterns of land use. Our findings suggest that heterogeneity in farmers' adaptation capacities is closely related to different land use patterns. Furthermore, both conservation and agricultural sustainability have suffered from unintended impacts: an increase of forest clearing, intensification in cultivated area, and an impoverishment of the poorest households. These detailed reviews of household adaptation processes suggest that the zoning-based management scheme would benefit from incorporating a more detailed farm level land use approach. Land use patterns have the potential to inform the design of improved conservation-development initiatives by revealing strategic indicators that could allow practitioners to target households for conservation measures according to their adaption capacities

Faced with the low success rates of protected areas in conserving natural forests and supporting rural development, the Malagasy government recently chose to transfer forest resource management to local communities. Feedback about the implementation of this new policy suggests that agriculture continues to drive deforestation. This article explores farmers' household livelihood strategies and land use changes in response to changing forest access rules arising from community-based land management. Based on studying in-depth surveys and participatory mapping in the eastern rain forest highlands, we outline patterns in farmers' responses, exploring the relationship between sociodemographic factors, livelihood strategies, and patterns of land use. Our findings suggest that heterogeneity in farmers' adaptation capacities is closely related to different land use patterns. Furthermore, both conservation and agricultural sustainability have suffered from unintended impacts: an increase of forest clearing, intensification in cultivated area, and an impoverishment of the poorest households. These detailed reviews of household adaptation processes suggest that the zoning-based management scheme would benefit from incorporating a more detailed farm level land use approach. Land use patterns have the potential to inform the design of improved conservation-development initiatives by revealing strategic indicators that could allow practitioners to target households for conservation measures according to their adaption capacities

Faced with the low success rates of protected areas in conserving natural forests and supporting rural development, the Malagasy government recently chose to transfer forest resource management to local communities. Feedback about the implementation of this new policy suggests that agriculture continues to drive deforestation. This article explores farmers' household livelihood strategies and land use changes in response to changing forest access rules arising from community-based land management. Based on studying in-depth surveys and participatory mapping in the eastern rain forest highlands, we outline patterns in farmers' responses, exploring the relationship between sociodemographic factors, livelihood strategies, and patterns of land use. Our findings suggest that heterogeneity in farmers' adaptation capacities is closely related to different land use patterns. Furthermore, both conservation and agricultural sustainability have suffered from unintended impacts: an increase of forest clearing, intensification in cultivated area, and an impoverishment of the poorest households. These detailed reviews of household adaptation processes suggest that the zoning-based management scheme would benefit from incorporating a more detailed farm level land use approach. Land use patterns have the potential to inform the design of improved conservation-development initiatives by revealing strategic indicators that could allow practitioners to target households for conservation measures according to their adaption capacities

Faced with the low success rates of protected areas in conserving natural forests and supporting rural development, the Malagasy government recently chose to transfer forest resource management to local communities. Feedback about the implementation of this new policy suggests that agriculture continues to drive deforestation. This article explores farmers' household livelihood strategies and land use changes in response to changing forest access rules arising from community-based land management. Based on studying in-depth surveys and participatory mapping in the eastern rain forest highlands, we outline patterns in farmers' responses, exploring the relationship between sociodemographic factors, livelihood strategies, and patterns of land use. Our findings suggest that heterogeneity in farmers' adaptation capacities is closely related to different land use patterns. Furthermore, both conservation and agricultural sustainability have suffered from unintended impacts: an increase of forest clearing, intensification in cultivated area, and an impoverishment of the poorest households. These detailed reviews of household adaptation processes suggest that the zoning-based management scheme would benefit from incorporating a more detailed farm level land use approach. Land use patterns have the potential to inform the design of improved conservation-development initiatives by revealing strategic indicators that could allow practitioners to target households for conservation measures according to their adaption capacities

Faced with the low success rates of protected areas in conserving natural forests and supporting rural development, the Malagasy government recently chose to transfer forest resource management to local communities. Feedback about the implementation of this new policy suggests that agriculture continues to drive deforestation. This article explores farmers' household livelihood strategies and land use changes in response to changing forest access rules arising from community-based land management. Based on studying in-depth surveys and participatory mapping in the eastern rain forest highlands, we outline patterns in farmers' responses, exploring the relationship between sociodemographic factors, livelihood strategies, and patterns of land use. Our findings suggest that heterogeneity in farmers' adaptation capacities is closely related to different land use patterns. Furthermore, both conservation and agricultural sustainability have suffered from unintended impacts: an increase of forest clearing, intensification in cultivated area, and an impoverishment of the poorest households. These detailed reviews of household adaptation processes suggest that the zoning-based management scheme would benefit from incorporating a more detailed farm level land use approach. Land use patterns have the potential to inform the design of improved conservation-development initiatives by revealing strategic indicators that could allow practitioners to target households for conservation measures according to their adaption capacities

Cette évaluation-pays aborde le lien d'interdépendance entre l'environnement et la migration à Madagascar. Elle analyse les cadres politiques, juridiques et opérationnels des migrations, de l'environnement et du changement climatique, propose une cartographie de la vulnérabilité nationale et présente les résultats de des études de cas approfondies sur site. La dernière section du rapport présente une série de recommandations d'actions futures fondées sur les données et les résultats recueillis.

Cette évaluation-pays aborde le lien d'interdépendance entre l'environnement et la migration à Madagascar. Elle analyse les cadres politiques, juridiques et opérationnels des migrations, de l'environnement et du changement climatique, propose une cartographie de la vulnérabilité nationale et présente les résultats de des études de cas approfondies sur site. La dernière section du rapport présente une série de recommandations d'actions futures fondées sur les données et les résultats recueillis.