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Based on a novel class scheme and a unique compilation of German and American data, this book reveals that intergenerational class mobility increased over most of the past century. While country differences in intergenerational mobility are surprisingly small, gender, regional, racial and ethnic differences were initially large but declined over time. At the end of the 20th century, however, mobility prospects turned to the worse in both countries. In light of these findings, the book develops a narrative account of historical socio-political developments that are likely to have driven the basic resemblances across countries but also account for the initial decline and the more recent increase in intergenerational inequality.

Der Beitrag untersucht mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Ungleichheit und berufsstrukturellen Veränderungen die Folgen von Tertiarisierung und Dienstleistungsexpansion für die Sozialstruktur Deutschlands. Zunächst werden mit Entstrukturierung, Polarisierung und Entkopplung drei sozialstrukturelle Entwicklungspfade theoretisch hergeleitet. Während eine Entstrukturierung aufbrechende Klassenstrukturen impliziert, deutet Polarisierung auf eine zunehmende vertikale Ungleichheit zwischen oberen und unteren Positionen hin. Die Entkopplung hingegen beschreibt eine gleichzeitige vertikale und horizontale Veränderung der Klassenstruktur, in der eine Klassenlage sich vertikal von horizontal ähnlichen Lagen wegbewegt, und impliziert damit eine partielle Polarisierung. Diese alternativen Pfade werden mit Blick auf Veränderungen der Klassenstruktur, der Einkommensungleichheit sowie der intergenerationalen Mobilität deskriptiv für die letzten 40 Jahre anhand von repräsentativen Querschnittsbefragungen untersucht. In der Gesamtschau lassen sich erste Anzeichen für eine Entkopplung der Dienstleistungssegmente finden, die mit zunehmender Schließung ausgewählter oberer Klassenlagen zusammenfällt.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Content -- Figures -- Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Social change and social mobility -- 2.1 Societal change and the occupational structure -- 2.2 Social mobility in industrial and post-industrial societies -- 2.3 Same, same but different? -- 3 Class and intergenerational mobility in contemporary societies -- 3.1 Gradational concepts of social inequality -- 3.2 Micro-classes and occupational class inequalities -- 3.3 Employment relations and social class: the EGP scheme -- 3.4 Exploitation and social class: Wright's class scheme -- 3.5 Social class and work logics: the Oesch scheme -- 3.6 Class and the division of labor: the Esping-Andersen scheme -- 4 The derivation of the IPICS class scheme -- 4.1 Horizontal differentiation according to the work logic -- 4.2 Vertical differentiation according to employment relations -- 4.3 Gender, race and class -- 4.4 Social mobility and IPICS -- 5 Horizontal and vertical stratification of occupational positions -- 5.1 Testing the validity of the IPICS classes -- 5.2 Horizontal differences between occupations -- 5.3 Vertical differences between occupations -- 6 Datasets, Operationalization and conceptual issues -- 6.1 Employed datasets for the analysis of social mobility -- 6.2 Occupational classifications and IPICS -- 6.3 Sample and cohort design -- 7 Empirical description of industrial and post-industrial classes -- 7.1 Socio-demographic composition -- 7.2 Class and educational assets -- 7.3 Class and economic assets -- 7.4 Class profiles -- 7.5 Class and structural change -- 8 Absolute Mobility in Germany over the 20th century -- 8.1 Changing distributions of education, origin and social class -- 8.2 Aggregated mobility patterns -- 8.3 Changing aggregated absolute mobility patterns -- 8.4 The evolution of segment-specific outflow mobility patterns -- 8.5 Summary.

Rezension von: Loic J.D. Wacquant: Bestrafen der Armen. Zur neoliberalen Regierung der sozialen Unsicherheit. Opladen und Farmington Hills: Barbara Budrich 2009 (359 S.; ISBN 978-3-86649-188-5; 29,90 EUR).

We study the relationship between inter-class inequality and intergenerational class mobility across 39 countries. Previous research on the relationship between economic inequality and class mobility remains inconclusive, as studies have confounded intra- with between-class economic inequalities. We propose that between-class inequality across multiple dimensions accounts for the inverse relationship between inequality and mobility: the larger the resource distance between classes, the less likely it is that mobility from one to the other will occur. We consider inequality in terms of between-class differences in three areas—education, wages, and income—and in a composite measure. Building on sociological mobility theory, we argue that cross-country variation in mobility results, in part, from families adapting to different levels of between-class inequality. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find a negative correlation between inter-class inequality and social fluidity, with between-class inequality being a better predictor of mobility chances than conventional distributional measures. We also find that the resource distance between classes is negatively related to the strength of their intergenerational association for some off-diagonal origin and destination (OD) class combinations.

Socioeconomic inequality and conflicts regarding distributional issues have resurfaced in many OECD countries over the past three decades. Whereas most research has focused on the objective determinants of perceived social conflicts, we contribute a new facet to this discussion by assessing the relevance of collective stratification beliefs as an independent driver of vertical conflict perceptions. After formulating theoretical positions that give precedence to two factors in explaining the perceptions of social conflicts – objective inequality and the collective stratification belief – we use individual-level data from the 2009 International Social Survey Programme, along with suitable country-level indicators to evaluate both hypotheses. Amid the diverse collective stratification beliefs, we focus on the role of an egalitarian (middle-) class imagery. We are particularly interested in the extent to which such a class imagery can mediate the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and individual conflict perceptions. The results of our multilevel analyses of 27 OECD countries indicate that an egalitarian (middle-) class imagery held by a certain share of a country's population constitutes a distinct dimension of reality and clearly dominates country-level objective inequality in the explanation of individually perceived social conflicts.

Socioeconomic inequality and conflicts regarding distributional issues have resurfaced in many OECD countries over the past three decades. Whereas most research has focused on the objective determinants of perceived social conflicts, we contribute a new facet to this discussion by assessing the relevance of collective stratification beliefs as an independent driver of vertical conflict perceptions. After formulating theoretical positions that give precedence to two factors in explaining the perceptions of social conflicts - objective inequality and the collective stratification belief - we use individual-level data from the 2009 International Social Survey Programme, along with suitable country-level indicators to evaluate both hypotheses. Amid the diverse collective stratification beliefs, we focus on the role of an egalitarian (middle-) class imagery. We are particularly interested in the extent to which such a class imagery can mediate the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and individual conflict perceptions. The results of our multilevel analyses of 27 OECD countries indicate that an egalitarian (middle-) class imagery held by a certain share of a country's population constitutes a distinct dimension of reality and clearly dominates country-level objective inequality in the explanation of individually perceived social conflicts.

"Die Chance auf sozialen Aufstieg ist ein Grundpfeiler der sozialen Ordnung in kapitalistischen Marktgesellschaften. Die Hoffnung auf sozialen Aufstieg entfesselte über Jahrhunderte hinweg - und tut dies in weiten Teilen der Welt noch heute - ungeheure Energien, die zu immensen Arbeitsleistungen, zu Disziplin, Verzicht und Leidensfähigkeit im Dienste einer besseren Zukunft anspornten. Gleichzeitig gilt die Möglichkeit sozialer Aufstiege als zentrales Kriterium für Leistungsgerechtigkeit und die Offenheit einer Gesellschaft. Gerade mit den Veränderungen hin zu einer aktivierenden und investiven Sozialpolitik ist die Chancengerechtigkeit, die sich auf die Ermöglichung sozialer Mobilität richtet, ins Zentrum gerückt. Untersuchungen zur Chancengleichheit etwa im Bildungssystem oder im Hinblick auf intergenerationale soziale Mobilität bescheinigen jedoch der deutschen Gesellschaft eine geringe Chancengleichheit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

"Die Chance auf sozialen Aufstieg ist ein Grundpfeiler der sozialen Ordnung in Marktgesellschaften. Alarmierend sind daher abnehmende Aufstiegsmobilitäten aus Armut und die regelrechte Vernichtung von Aufstiegschancen in Ostdeutschland." (Autorenreferat)

In social stratification research, the most frequently used social class schema are based on employment relations (EGP and ESEC). These schemes have been propelled to paradigms for research on social mobility and educational inequalities and applied in cross-national research for both genders. Using the European Working Conditions Survey, we examine their criterion and construct validity across 31 countries and for both genders. We investigate whether classes are welldelineated by the theoretically assumed dimensions of employment relations and we assess how several measures of occupational advantage differ across classes. We find broad similarity in the criterion validity of EGP and ESEC across genders and countries as well as satisfactory levels of construct validity. However, the salariat classes are too heterogeneous and their boundaries with the intermediate classes are blurred. To improve the measurement of social class, we propose to differentiate managerial and professional occupations within the lower and higher salariat respectively. We show that implementing these distinctions in ESEC and EGP improves their criterion validity and allows to better identify privileged positions.

Aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung und unter Annahme weitgehend stabiler Remigrationsmuster ist ein Anstieg des Bevölkerungsanteils älterer Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund zu erwarten. Viele der derzeit in Deutschland lebenden Migranten werden daher ihren Lebensabend hier verbringen. Ziel dieser Studie ist die vergleichende Darstellung der sozioökonomischen Lage der Migrantenpopulation und der autochthonen Bevölkerung. Dabei wird die Lebenslage von Personen im Rentenalter und von älteren Erwerbspersonen ab 45 Jahren vor dem Hintergrund ihrer spezifischen Bildungs- und Erwerbsverläufe untersucht. Damit wird eine belastbare empirische Grundlage für Handlungsempfehlungen zur Verbesserung der sozialen Lage von Frauen und Männern mit Migrationshintergrund im Alter geliefert.