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El artículo evalúa la estructura de la medida de eficacia colectiva en dos entornos urbanos de la zona metropolitana del valle de México. Investigaciones recientes destacan la necesidad de considerar la influencia del espacio y el tiempo sobre la confianza, la cohesión social y el control social informal, revelando una composición más compleja de lo que algunos análisis anteriores presuponen. Con metodologías utilizadas en otras experiencias, el trabajo se llevó a cabo en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México y Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, estado de México, utilizando datos de una encuesta realizada entre noviembre de 2021 y enero de 2022. Los resultados indican que cada espacio urbano presenta medidas distintas de eficacia colectiva, y en ambos casos se identifica una tercera dimensión subyacente a la que denominamos identificación con la colonia.

Reseña de la obra.

Vol. 27, No. 4 (2019) ; La economía fue una de las esferas más afectadas por el contexto de desacuerdos y conflictos que se vivieron alrededor de la construcción de un estado nación en la Colombia del siglo XIX. Este es el escenario donde se recrea el impacto fiscal de la Regeneración sobre las economías regionales colombianas, más específicamente sobre Cartagena de Indias. El ascenso político del cartagenero Rafael Wenceslao Núñez Moledo quien fue el ideólogo del movimiento de la Regeneración fueron plasmadas en el Estado colombiano entre 1882 y 1899, permitiendo una reorganización de la economía nacional, la escenifica en la constitución de 1886 y llevando al país a la guerra de los mil días iniciada en 1899. En ese sentido, se sustenta la hipótesis de que, si bien es cierto, el proyecto regenerador bajo su política centralista impulsó políticas que afectaron significativamente los ingresos fiscales de los entes territoriales, puede considerarse que en este período, Cartagena de Indias fue escenario de avances importantes en infraestructura, educación, vías de comunicación, transporte, entre otros, y que además de los efectos económicos, también se presentaron efectos sociales y políticos paralelos que tuvieron un alto grado de participación en las mejoras del bienestar de la población. ; The economy is one of the areas most affected by the context of disagreements and conflicts that were experienced around the construction of a nation state in Colombia in the 19th century. This is the scenario where the budgetary impact of the regeneration on regional economies such as the Caribbean, more precisely on Cartagena, is recreated. The political rise of the cartagenero Rafael Wenceslao Núñez Moledo who was the ideologist of the regeneration movement whose ideas and actions were reflected in the Colombian state from 1882 to 1899. It allowed a reorganization of the national economy, staged it in the constitution of 1886 and led the country to the thousand-day war that began in 1899. In this sense, the hypothesis supported is that the regeneration project within the framework of its centralizing policy has favored policies which have significantly affected the tax revenues of territorial entities. During this period, in the midst of the deep crisis, Cartagena was the theater of progress in infrastructure, education, communication channels, transport, among others. In addition to the economic effects, there have also been parallel social and political effects which have greatly contributed to improving the well-being of the people of Cartagena.

The economy is one of the areas most affected by the context of disagreements and conflicts that were experienced around the construction of a nation state in Colombia in the 19th century. This is the scenario where the budgetary impact of the regeneration on regional economies such as the Caribbean, more precisely on Cartagena, is recreated. The political rise of the cartagenero Rafael Wenceslao Núñez Moledo who was the ideologist of the regeneration movement whose ideas and actions were reflected in the Colombian state from 1882 to 1899. It allowed a reorganization of the national economy, staged it in the constitution of 1886 and led the country to the thousand-day war that began in 1899. In this sense, the hypothesis supported is that the regeneration project within the framework of its centralizing policy has favored policies which have significantly affected the tax revenues of territorial entities. During this period, in the midst of the deep crisis, Cartagena was the theater of progress in infrastructure, education, communication channels, transport, among others. In addition to the economic effects, there have also been parallel social and political effects which have greatly contributed to improving the well-being of the people of Cartagena. ; La economía fue una de las esferas más afectadas por el contexto de desacuerdos y conflictos que se vivieron alrededor de la construcción de un estado nación en la Colombia del siglo XIX. Este es el escenario donde se recrea el impacto fiscal de la Regeneración sobre las economías regionales colombianas, más específicamente sobre Cartagena de Indias. El ascenso político del cartagenero Rafael Wenceslao Núñez Moledo quien fue el ideólogo del movimiento de la Regeneración fueron plasmadas en el Estado colombiano entre 1882 y 1899, permitiendo una reorganización de la economía nacional, la escenifica en la constitución de 1886 y llevando al país a la guerra de los mil días iniciada en 1899. En ese sentido, se sustenta la hipótesis de que, si bien es cierto, el proyecto regenerador bajo su política centralista impulsó políticas que afectaron significativamente los ingresos fiscales de los entes territoriales, puede considerarse que en este período, Cartagena de Indias fue escenario de avances importantes en infraestructura, educación, vías de comunicación, transporte, entre otros, y que además de los efectos económicos, también se presentaron efectos sociales y políticos paralelos que tuvieron un alto grado de participación en las mejoras del bienestar de la población. ; L'économie est l'un des domaines les plus touchés par le contexte de désaccords et de conflits qui ont été vécus autour de la construction d'un État-nation en Colombie au XIXe siècle. C'est le scénario où l'impact budgétaire de la régénération sur les économies régionales telles que les Caraïbes, plus précisément sur Carthagène, est recréé. L'ascension politique du cartagenero Rafael Wenceslao Núñez Moledo qui était l'idéologue du mouvement de régénération dont les idées et les actions se sont reflétées dans l'État colombien de 1882 à 1899. Il a permis une réorganisation de l'économie nationale, l'a mise en scène dans la constitution de 1886 et a conduit le pays à la guerre de mille jours qui a commencé en 1899. En ce sens, l'hypothèse soutenue est que le projet de régénération dans le cadre de sa politique centralisatrice a favorisé des politiques qui ont affecté de manière significative les recettes fiscales des entités territoriales. Au cours de cette période, au milieu de la crise profonde, Carthagène a été le théâtre de progrès dans les infrastructures, l'éducation, les canaux de communication, les transports, entre autres. Outre les effets économiques, il y a également eu des effets sociaux et politiques parallèles qui ont fortement contribué à l'amélioration du bien-être de la population de Carthagène.

[ES]Esta investigación intenta contribuir a un mayor conocimiento sobre aquellas personas que asumen las posiciones más importantes de un gobierno sólo por detrás del presidente: los ministros. Su estudio tiene como contexto la integración de los gabinetes ministeriales de España y México en democracia, los cuales se han distinguido por su condición monopartidista. ¿Cómo se constituyen dichos gabinetes? ¿Quiénes son los personajes que asumen esas posiciones de poder? De manera genérica, se suele considerar que tales gabinetes sólo se componen por integrantes del partido en el poder; sin embargo, este trabajo da cuenta de la variabilidad de perfiles ministeriales tomando como criterios centrales de análisis los tipos de trayectorias previas, sus vínculos político-partidistas y el contexto de su nominación. Para ello, se examina de manera descriptiva el proceso de selección y cambio ministerial de los 135 personajes que han sido titulares de alguna cartera de gobierno en España (1982-2016) y los 127 secretarios de Estado por parte de México (1994-2016).

Objective/context: This article analyzes the affiliation of cabinet members in four post-transition governments in Mexico. The main goal is to contribute to the study of the role of parties in the dynamics of government formation. Methodology: The article is based on the description of an original database regarding the trajectory and partisan links of 148 secretaries of state in Mexico between 2000 and 2024. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that although alternation and divided government increased the incentives to appoint ministers with a political-partisan background, each president shaped their cabinet according to political circumstances and professional and political networks. Originality: A new proposal for categorizing the partisan profiles of ministers and their relationship with the type of cabinet appointment is tested by applying a partisanship index in ministries.

This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias FIS09/01543, PI12/00281 and PI15/01471, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa", Proyectos de Investigación del SACYL 355/ A/09, GRS/1172/A15, COST Action EuGESMA (BM0801), Fundación Manuel Solórzano, Obra Social Banca Cívica (Caja Burgos), Fundación Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia (FEHH), and by grants (RD12/0036/0069 and RD12/0036/0044) from Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa" (CEI 2010-1-0010). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under Grant Agreement nº 306242-NGS-PTL. ; Hernandez, JA; Hernandez-Sanchez, M; Rodriguez-Vicente, AE; Grossmann, V; Collado, R; Heras, C; Puiggros, A; Martin, AA; Puig, N; Benito, R; Robledo, C; Delgado, J; Gonzalez, T; Queizan, JA; Galende, J; de la Fuente, I; Martin-Nunez, G; Alonso, JM; Abrisqueta, P; Luno, E; Marugan, I; Gonzalez-Gason, I; Bosch, F; Kohlmann, A; Gonzalez, M; Espinet, B; Hernandez-Rivas, JM.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; To analyze the impact of the 11q deleted (11q-) cells in CLL patients on the time to first therapy (TFT) and overall survival (OS), 2,493 patients with CLL were studied. 242 patients (9.7%) had 11q-. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies showed a threshold of 40% of deleted cells to be optimal for showing that clinical differences in terms of TFT and OS within 11q- CLLs. In patients with ≥40% of losses in 11q (11q-H) (74%), the median TFT was 19 months compared with 44 months in CLL patients with <40% del(11q) (11q-L) (P<0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of 11q-L, mutated IGHV status, early Binet stage and absence of extended lymphadenopathy were associated with longer TFT. Patients with 11q-H had an OS of 90 months, while in the 11q-L group the OS was not reached (P = 0.008). The absence of splenomegaly (P = 0.02), low LDH (P = 0.018) or β2M (P = 0.006), and the presence of 11q-L (P = 0.003) were associated with a longer OS. In addition, to detect the presence of mutations in the ATM, TP53, NOTCH1, SF3B1, MYD88, FBXW7, XPO1 and BIRC3 genes, a select cohort of CLL patients with losses in 11q was sequenced by next-generation sequencing of amplicons. Eighty %of CLLs with 11qshowed mutations and fewer patients with low frequencies of 11q- had mutations among genes examined (50% vs 94.1%, P = 0.023). In summary, CLL patients with <40% of 11qhad a long TFT and OS that could be associated with the presence of fewer mutated genes. ; This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias FIS 09/01543, PI12/00281 and PI15/01471, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa", Proyectos de Investigación del SACYL 355/A/09, GRS/1172/A15, COST Action EuGESMA (BM0801), Fundación Manuel Solórzano, Obra Social Banca Cívica (Caja Burgos), Fundación Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia (FEHH), and by grants (RD12/0036/0069 and RD12/0036/0044) from Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa" (CEI 2010-1-0010). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under Grant Agreement n°306242-NGS-PTL. María Hernández-Sánchez is fully supported by an Ayuda Predoctoral de la Junta de Castilla y León from the Fondo Social Europeo (JCYL-EDU/346/2013 Ph.D. scholarship). Vera Grossmann was supported by MLL Munich and Alexander Kohlmann was supported by MLL Munich and AstraZeneca in terms of salary. ; Peer Reviewed

The expression of the VAV proto-oncogene in 57 patients with chronic myeloproliferative disease (CMD), B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) and B-cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL), and 61 with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) was analysed. VAV overexpression was observed in 19.5% of cases and 81% of VAV-positive tumours also displayed VAV phosphorylation. Overexpression was not observed in B-ALL or CMD, but 13% of B-NHL and 34.4% of B-CLL patients (P = 0.002) overexpressed VAV. The overexpression and phosphorylation of VAV was detected more frequently in 13q- chronic lymphocytic leukaemias (71.4%) versus other B-CLLs (23.4%, P = 0.001). Overexpression of VAV protein is a frequent event in patients with B-CLL displaying loss of 13q sequences. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ; This work was supported by the US National Cancer Institute (5RO1-CA73735-08 to XRB), the Biomedicine Program of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (SAF2003-00028 to XRB), the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias of the Spanish Health Ministry FIS-FEDER (PI020103 and PI02/1358 to XRB and JMH, respectively), and the Council from Castilla y León ('Proyectos de Biomedicina del SACYL'). RMP-S is a student of the Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology graduate program of the CIC and the University of Salamanca who is supported by an FPU fellowship (AP2000-3829) of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science. JLG is supported by a Spanish FIS grant (01/1353). The Centro de Investigación del Cáncer is supported by endowments from the CSIC, University of Salamanca, Castilla-León Autonomous Government, the Spanish Cooperative Network of Cancer Centres (C03/10, Spanish Ministry of Health), and the Foundation for Cancer Research of Salamanca (FICUS). ; Peer Reviewed

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; [Background]: MicroRNAs are known to inhibit gene expression by binding to the 3'UTR of the target transcript. Downregulation of miR-223 has been recently reported to have prognostic significance in CLL. However, there is no evidence of the pathogenetic mechanism of this miRNA in CLL patients. [Methods]: By applying next-generation sequencing techniques we have detected a common polymorphism (rs2307842), in 24% of CLL patients, which disrupts the binding site for miR-223 in HSP90B1 3'UTR. We investigated whether miR-223 directly targets HSP90B1 through luciferase assays and ectopic expression of miR-223. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to determine HSP90B1 expression in CLL patients. The relationship between rs2307842 status, HSP90B1 expression and clinico-biological data were assessed. [Results]: HSP90B1 is a direct target for miR-223 by interaction with the putative miR-223 binding site. The analysis in paired samples (CD19+ fraction cell and non-CD19+ fraction cell) showed that the presence of rs2307842 and IGHV unmutated genes determined HSP90B1 overexpression in B lymphocytes from CLL patients. These results were confirmed at the protein level by western blot. Of note, HSP90B1 overexpression was independently predictive of shorter time to the first therapy in CLL patients. By contrast, the presence of rs2307842 was not related to the outcome. [Conclusions]: HSP90B1 is a direct target gene of miR-223. Our results provide a plausible explanation of why CLL patients harboring miR-223 downregulation are associated with a poor outcome, pointing out HSP90B1 as a new pathogenic mechanism in CLL and a promising therapeutic target. ; This work was partially supported by grants from the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias FIS 09/01543 and PI12/00281, Proyectos de Investigación del SACYL 355/A/09, COST Action EuGESMA (BM0801), Fundación Manuel Solórzano, Obra Social Banca Cívica (Caja Burgos), Fundación Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia (FEHH) and by a grant (RD12/0036/0069) from the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness & European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa" (Innocampus). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under Grant Agreement n°306242-NGS-PTL. MHS is fully supported by an Ayuda predoctoral de la Junta de Castilla y Leon by the Fondo Social Europeo. ME Sarasquete is supported by Contrato Miguel Servet (CP13/00080). ; Peer Reviewed

[Background]: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a highly genetically heterogeneous disease. Although CLL has been traditionally considered as a mature B cell leukemia, few independent studies have shown that the genetic alterations may appear in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. However, the presence of both chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations in CD34+ cells from the same patients has not been explored. [Methods]: Amplicon-based deep next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies were carried out in magnetically activated-cell-sorting separated CD19+ mature B lymphocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors (n = 56) to study the mutational status of TP53, NOTCH1, SF3B1, FBXW7, MYD88, and XPO1 genes. In addition, ultra-deep NGS was performed in a subset of seven patients to determine the presence of mutations in flow-sorted CD34+CD19− early hematopoietic progenitors. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies were performed in the CD34+ cells from nine patients of the cohort to examine the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities. [Results]: NGS studies revealed a total of 28 mutations in 24 CLL patients. Interestingly, 15 of them also showed the same mutations in their corresponding whole population of CD34+ progenitors. The majority of NOTCH1 (7/9) and XPO1 (4/4) mutations presented a similar mutational burden in both cell fractions; by contrast, mutations of TP53 (2/2), FBXW7 (2/2), and SF3B1 (3/4) showed lower mutational allele frequencies, or even none, in the CD34+ cells compared with the CD19+ population. Ultra-deep NGS confirmed the presence of FBXW7, MYD88, NOTCH1, and XPO1 mutations in the subpopulation of CD34+CD19− early hematopoietic progenitors (6/7). Furthermore, FISH studies showed the presence of 11q and 13q deletions (2/2 and 3/5, respectively) in CD34+ progenitors but the absence of IGH cytogenetic alterations (0/2) in the CD34+ cells. Combining all the results from NGS and FISH, a model of the appearance and expansion of genetic alterations in CLL was derived, suggesting that most of the genetic events appear on the hematopoietic progenitors, although these mutations could induce the beginning of tumoral cell expansion at different stage of B cell differentiation. [Conclusions]: Our study showed the presence of both gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities in early hematopoietic progenitor cells from CLL patients. ; This work was partially supported by grants from the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias PI12/00281, PI15/01471, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa," Consejería de Educación, Junta de Castilla y León (SA085U16), Proyectos de Investigación del SACYL, Spain: GRS 1172/A/15, BIO/SA10/14, GRS 1343/A/16, and Fundación Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia (FEHH) and by a grant (RD12/0036/0069) from the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness & European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa" (Innocampus; CEI-2010-1-0010), Fundación "Memoria Don Samuel Solórzano Barruso" 2016, and the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007–2013] under Grant Agreement no. 306242-NGS-PTL. MHS is fully supported by an "Ayuda predoctoral de la Junta de Castilla y León" by the Fondo Social Europeo (JCYL-EDU/346/2013 PhD scholarship). ; Peer Reviewed