Suchergebnisse

This article outlines how the Covid-19 pandemic exacerbates economic and social gender inequalities in Aotearoa ǀ New Zealand. While this crisis highlights the central part played by women in the economy, the gender impacts of the pandemic are visible in connection to a decrease in job security and financial safety for female workers; to a rise in the duplication of paid and unpaid work; to an increase violence in and outside of homes; a heightened risk exposure to the virus and worse health outcomes. Not all women are equally positioned in this crisis, women of Māori and Pacific descent are disproportionately feeling the effects of the pandemic. The two-prong, government's recovery plan, which only partially ensures a fair and equal economic rebuild, is critically assessed. While the economic response fails to take a systematic gender approach, scope for challenging traditional gender assumptions is met head-on in relation to policy on violence against women. The article considers flexible working options and focuses on options for reframing employment law in a post-pandemic environment with a view to achieve and deliver equality between men and women through an intersectional lens.

Cover -- Series page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- How to Read This Book -- Glossary -- 1: Why Study Keynes? -- The Use of Models and Mathematics in Economics -- The Models in This Book -- The Nature of This Book -- The Book in a Nutshell -- An Outline of the Argument -- The Legacy of Keynes -- 2: The Classical Theory of Employment, Interest and Money -- A Corn Model: Diminishing Returns and Marginal Productivity -- The Classical Labour Market -- The Classical Capital Market -- The Market for Land and the Distribution of Income -- The Neoclassical Contribution -- The Role of Money in the Classical Theory -- Say's Law of Markets -- Looking Forward: Keynes's Critique of the Classical Theory -- 3: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money -- The Principle of Effective Demand -- Income: An Essential but Surprisingly Tricky Concept -- The State of Expectation -- Aggregate Demand and the Multiplier -- Income, Expenditure, Effective Demand and the Multiplier -- Changes in Money Wages -- Why are Money Wages Sticky? -- Change in and Fulfilment of Expectation -- Say's Law Through the Back Door? -- 4: The Great Confusion -- The Great Confusion Over Loanable Funds -- Investment and the Interest Rate -- Money and the Interest Rate -- IS-LM: The Model as Trap -- Money and Saving: A Back Door? -- Summing Up -- 5: The Long Struggle to Escape -- The Quantity Theory -- The Definition and Nature of Money (M) -- The Demand for Money (k) -- The Meaning of Price Level (P) -- The Level of Net Output (O) -- The Quantity Theory and The General Theory -- How to Pay for the War -- Money Wages and Inflation -- 6: From Versailles to Bretton Woods -- A Corn Model for the International Economy -- The Finance of War -- Exchange Rates between Currencies -- Effective Demand.

The many tasks and processes expressed are difficult and require a lot of education, experience, and discipline, which is why NCOs are a vital aspect of the Army structure. Through these multiple actions that NCOs and Warrant Officers do as part of their day-to-day operations, they ensure that the necessary jobs get done and additionally serve to inspire soldiers to continually improve, maximize their efficiency, and go beyond their limits in order to ensure mission success.

This paper gives a personal perspective on some models of national settlement systems, and draws attention to the importance of population migration within these models. It includes a discussion of the inadequacies of current models of interurban migration for the analysis of the dynamic interaction between the demographic and economic growth sectors of a system of postindustrìal cities. The paper is not, however, a review; instead, the aim is to obtain insights on how to progress towards a framework and a strategy for research that will usefully contribute to the analysis of national settlement policy. Section 2 considers recent developments in multiregional demographic analysis and argues that these are of limited usefulness unless they are integrated with models of regional economic growth. Results are presented which show that multiregional demographic analyses are extremely sensitive to the assumptions about migration movements. Section 3 outlines three models which interrelate demographic and economic growth, and stresses the links between the two sectors. Each model considers population migration a key link, and two of them assume that the movement of workers provides an equilibrating mechanism between labour supply and demand. Section 4 questions the validity of this traditional approach to migration and argues that, for a system of postindustrial cities, a new approach is required (Morrison, 1973; Renshaw, 1972; Cordey-Hayes and Gleave, 1973; 1974). A conceptual framework, which emphasizes information flows, differential mobility, and inhomogeneity of labour, is sketched. The final section concludes that no single model or approach provides a royal road to models of national settlement systems, owing to gaps in our understanding of the dynamics of interactions amongst cities. It is suggested that a hierarchy of models should be developed at varying levels of approximation.