Suchergebnisse

AbstractSimilar to other fragile poor countries, the majority of the rural population in Afghanistan depend directly or indirectly on small-scale farming for their livelihoods, and poor infrastructure and other barriers restrict access to markets and services, making improving access to local input markets a significant challenge for policymakers aiming to increase productivity. This paper offers empirical evidence addressing two important issues for smallholder participation in input markets: are rural markets incomplete or failing and how do transaction costs affect participation in factor markets? Pooled cross-sectional data from three waves of nationally representative surveys between 2011 and 2016 with a sample of nearly 21,000 households are used. The analysis first tests and rejects the separability hypothesis that household production and consumption decisions are independent which can be interpreted as evidence of market failures. A control function approach with instrumental variables to address endogeneity is employed to estimate household input market participation decisions. Ownership of or access to information and communication technology and transport equipment are used as proxies for transaction costs. Results confirm that lower transaction costs increase input market participation and expenditure on inputs by farm households. Additionally, households with better access to roads and district or provincial market centres have higher market participation and expenditure on input. Reducing transaction costs plays an important role in input use, potentially increasing productivity and incomes.

In this article, I present empirical evidence on the extent of crop diversification and assess its merits as a strategy for improving production efficiency in Afghanistan. The transformed Herfindahl–Harshman index is used to measure the scale and magnitude of crop diversification. I find a compelling evidence that diversifying production portfolios significantly improves production efficiencies. This finding is critical, given that the data show that nearly a third of the farm households do not diversify, achieving, on average, about 52% of potential revenues. The estimated efficiency scores reveal that, on average, the farm households in our analytical sample of over 7,000 households achieve 74% of potential revenue, with nearly 15% of households realizing less than 50% and about 23% between 50% and 70% of potential revenue. These results infer that there exist substantial inefficacies in agricultural production that can be eliminated by employing improved management practices without having to use additional inputs and production resources and rising cost of production. Our results are robust to potential endogeneity bias in crop diversification; I account for the endogeneity problem in the stochastic frontier analysis, by employing a recent estimation approach, using instrumental variable techniques. Mapping the spatial distribution of crop diversification index and estimated efficiency scores across the country revealed that districts with higher diversification levels correspond to higher efficiency indices. Aside from crop diversification, other socio-economic factors also have critical implications for efficiency; households with access to farm assets (such as land, cattle, oxen and tractor) and extension services appear to realize substantially higher production efficiencies. A direct policy recommendation that can be generated from the findings of this study is that crop diversification should be given more recognition by policymakers to enhance productivity and resilience in agriculture.

Hubungan Kekaisaran Ottoman telah berlangsung cukup lama dengan kesultanan Aceh. Kedua negara ini saling mengirim duta besar dan Utsmaniyah sendiri telah memenuhi tuntutan Sultan Aceh Darussalam seperti mengirim pasukan, peralatan dan bahkan ahli persenjataan. Harmonisasi kedua kerajaan Islam ini masih memiliki bukti sejarah sampai sekarang sebagai makam Tgk Dibitai (Salahaddin). Selain keinginan untuk membantu Aceh sebagai saudara, Utsmani juga memiliki kepentingan lain, yaitu kepentingan politik dan ekonomi. Saat ini Portugis merupakan ancaman utama di perairan laut merah. Jika bertransaksi di laut merah terganggu oleh tindakan Portugis pasti akan menjadi masalah bagi perekonomian Mekkah, karena jalur pelayarannya ke Mekah melalui laut merah. Aceh sendiri pada waktu itu juga menyerahkan dirinya dinyatakan patuh kepada Ottoman sebagai khilafah Islam. Meski dilihat dari segi letak geografis kedua kerajaan ini sangat jauh. Posisi Ottoman Turki berada di Eropa tengah, sedangkan Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam di Asia Tenggara (pinggiran kota).

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is any improvement in the extent and quality of corporate social responsibility disclosures (CSRD) in Malaysia between 2011 and 2014 and to determine the factors that influence the extent and quality of CSRD in these two years. Also, this study examines the methods of disclosures and the items that largest Malaysian companies addressed.


Design/methodology/approach
A self-constructed CSR is utilised to measure the extent and quality of CSRD in the annual reports of the top 71 Malaysian companies listed in Bursa Malaysia for the years 2011 and 2014. Multiple regressions along with their associated toolkits for data verification and diagnostic tests are used to assess the improvement in CSRD between 2011 and 2014 and the factors that affect CSRD.


Findings
Results show a slight increase in the extent and quality of CSRD between 2011 and 2014. With regards to the factors influencing CSRD, only awards are found to be significant in determining the extent and quality of CSRD either in 2011 or in 2014. Board size, ownership concentration, independent non-executives and return on assets influence both the extent and quality of CSRD in 2011. Director ownership and firm size determine the extent and quality of CSRD in 2014. Government ownership only influences the extent of CSRD in 2011.


Research limitations/implications
Some traditional limitations are found to be considered in future research, such as the use of annual reports as the only source of CSRD information. Results support the legitimacy theory that assumes that Malaysian companies disclose CSR information as a reflection of the incidents that happen in that environment of the firm without ignoring the role of the government in pushing those companies towards being socially responsible by issuing regulations, or in motivating those companies by introducing awards and giving fiscal facilities.


Practical implications
The results help the policymakers to introduce more awards in some domains that were less addressed by Malaysian companies and also to examine the causes behind the non-influence of the new Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG 2012) on CSRD.


Originality/value
The study can be considered as one of the limited empirical studies that assess the changes in CSRD before and after the issuance of MCCG 2012 in Malaysia.

Abstrak. Kompetensi adalah suatu hal yang dikaitkan dengan kemampuan, pengetahuan atau wawasan, dan sikap yang dijadikan suatu pedoman dalam melakukan tanggung jawab pekerjaan yang dikerjakan. Persaingan di bidang pendidikan tinggi menyebabkan bertambah dan berkurangnya yang mendaftar di perguruan tinggi. Keadaan ini memaksa kampus untuk mencari berbagai strategi baru yang menjadikan pendidikan tinggi Islam mampu bertahan dan berkembang dalam persaingan tingkat nasional bahkan tingkat dunia. Berdasarkan persoalan di atas, penulis ingin meneliti lebih lanjut tentang Kompetensi Alumni KPI dalam Mencari Peluang Kerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi pendekatan kuaitatif, yang mengkaji tentang bagaimana kompetensi dan kendala alumni KPI dalam mencari peluang kerja.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dimana dalam penelitian ini lebih menekankan pada makna dan proses daripada hasil suatu aktifitas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di beberapa kantor pemerintahan di Kota Lhokseumawe. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat memberikan perhatian penting terhadap lulusan atau alumni Fakultas Dakwah, khususnya alumni Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam (KPI) Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Ar-Raniry. Mereka mampu dan bisa tampil di forum-forum, menjadi penceramah, khatib, wartawan. Sebagian alumni KPI mendapatkan peluang kerja yang baik dari pemerintah, seperti ada yang menjadi Kepala Kantor Kemenag Lhokseumawe, Ketua MPU Lhokseumawe, Sekwan DPRK Lhokseumawe. Mereka juga bekerja di IAIN Lhokseumawe. Kendala alumni KPI dalam mencari kerja salah satunya adalah tidak adanya wadah perkumpulan alumni, sehingga sulit berbagi informasi, baik yang berhubungan dengan peluang kerja atau lainnya. Kendala lainnya adalah alumni KPI tidak mampu mengaplikasikan ilmu yang didapat saat menjadi mahasiswa, sehingga berefek dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kata kunci: Kompetensi, Alumni komunikasi Islam, Peluang Kerja Abstract. Competence is a matter that is associated with ability, knowledge or insight, and attitude that is used as a guideline in carrying out the responsibilities of work done. Competition in the field of higher education leads to increased and reduced enrollment in higher education. This situation forced the campus to look for various new strategies that made Islamic higher education able to survive and develop in national and world-level competition. Based on the above problems, the author would like to examine more about KPI Alumni Competence in Finding Job Opportunities. This study uses a qualitative approach methodology, which examines how the competencies and constraints of KPI alumni in seeking employment opportunities. This study uses a qualitative approach wherein this research emphasizes the meaning and process rather than the results of an activity. This research was carried out in several government offices in Lhokseumawe City. The results showed that the community gave important attention to the graduates or alumni of the Da'wah Faculty, specifically the alumni of Islamic Communication and Broadcasting (KPI) of the State Islamic University (UIN) Ar-Raniry. They can and can appear in forums, become lecturers, preachers, reporters. Some KPI alumni get good employment opportunities from the government, such as those who are the Head of the Lhokseumawe Ministry of Religion Office, Chair of the MPU Lhokseumawe, Sekwan DPRK Lhokseumawe. They also worked at IAIN Lhokseumawe. One of the obstacles for KPI alumni in finding work is the absence of alumni association containers, so that it is difficult to share information, whether related to employment opportunities or others. Another obstacle is that KPI alumni are unable to apply the knowledge gained when they are students, so that it has an effect on daily life. Keywords: Competence, Islamic Communication Alumni, Job Opportunities