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In the recent past, the ability to challenge Canadian government action with foreign relations elements has spilled over from administrative law into tort law. At the same time, tort actions against multinational corporations for human rights violations abroad have also seen a surge in Canadian courts, culminating in the Supreme Court's recent decision in Nevsun Resources Ltd. v. Araya. This article addresses some doctrinal elements of a potential transnational tort claim against the Canadian government and a Canadian arms manufacturer pursuant to human rights violations arising from the 2014 Canada-Saudi Arms Deal [CSAD]. It also explores consequential effects that Canada's burgeoning transnational tort laws can have on Canada-Saudi relations as well as the Canadian defence industry. Overall, this article uses the CSAD as one real-life scenario in which private law litigation can have broader effects on a country's foreign relations and domestic economy. In this instance, the judiciary's power to exact extra-judicial consequences illustrates how tort litigation can curtail the behaviour of governmental and commercial actors. ; Récemment, la capacité de contester une mesure du gouvernement canadien comportant des éléments de relations étrangères a débordé du droit administratif pour rejoindre le droit de la responsabilité délictuelle. Par ailleurs, les tribunaux canadiens ont constaté une forte augmentation du nombre d'actions en responsabilité délictuelle intentées contre des multinationales pour des violations de droits de la personne à l'étranger, laquelle augmentation a culminé avec la décision récente de la Cour suprême dans l'arrêt Nevsun Resources Ltd. c. Araya. Le présent article traite de certains éléments doctrinaux d'une éventuelle réclamation en responsabilité délictuelle transnationale contre le gouvernement canadien et un fabricant d'armements canadien par suite de violations de droits de la personne découlant du contrat d'armements conclu en 2014 entre le Canada et l'Arabie saoudite [CSAD]. Il ...

Abstract
This article considers the four eyewitness threshold for zinā' in Islamic criminal law. In some Muslim-majority countries where zinā' remains an offence, judiciaries have by-passed the threshold by accepting singular confessions from male fornicators or, otherwise, inferring fornication from pregnancy outside of marriage. As a result, a disproportionate number of women have been prosecuted, convicted, and even punished for zinā'. I assert that the four-eyewitness threshold allows for an alternative way to view zinā' that can result in a different set of consequences. If the threshold is taken seriously such that it becomes the only evidentiary basis upon which a zinā' conviction can be entered, it will create an effective or de facto exemption where alleged perpetrators can never be convicted, except in the rarest cases where four independent eyewitnesses can be corralled. If adopted, this approach would provide a principled basis to reject opportunistic confessions that deflect punishment to accused female fornicators. And as an 'internal' solution that arises within the framework of the sharī'a, a de facto exemption approach is more likely to be perceived as legitimate when compared with proposed solutions that find their basis in international human rights legal instruments.

The article of record as published may be found at http://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2015.1056936 ; Hassan M. Kamara, "Making long-range planning work: the case of the US Army's 30-year strategic modernization plan." plan, Defense & Security Analysis, 31:3, 260-269. ; The extensive timespan of evolving assumptions about future adversaries, US military engagements, and technology inherent in the US Army's 30-year modernization strategy can overwhelm the management capacity of planners, and misdirect acquisition investments. Some military scholars have argued that long-range planning is futile due to the complexities of the global security environment. So how can the US Army manage the evolving assumptions inherent in its 30-year modernization strategy to ensure it remains a superior global force? This study will answer the above question by arguing that the US Army's 30-year modernization strategy, while emulative of a similar modernization approach in the threat-based planning environment of the Cold War, is viable if supported by a method and a tool that manage investments and planning assumptions.

ABSTRACT: The main objective of this study is to identify and analyse grammatical errors (syntactic and morphological) in the Spanish version of the novel Ocultación by the Saudi writer Raja Alem and the possible causes that have led the translator to make such errors. The analysis will focus on those syntactic and morphological errors that have affected the accuracy of the transfer in certain passages of the work. Our working methodology consists of comparing the Spanish translation of the novel with its Arabic original to identify the possible errors noted and their effect on the accuracy of the translation, accompanied by explanatory comments and followed by our proposals for such errors. For this, the work relies on the typology of grammatical errors developed by Nord (1991) and Hurtado Albir (2017).
RESUMEN: El objetivo principal de este trabajo es identificar y analizar los desaciertos gramaticales (sintácticos y morfológicos) en la versión española de la novela Ocultación de la escritora saudí Raja Alem y las causas posibles que han llevado a la traductora a incurrir en tales desaciertos. El análisis se centrará en aquellos desaciertos sintácticos y morfológicos que han afectado a la precisión del trasvase en ciertos pasajes de la obra. Nuestra metodología de trabajo consiste en cotejar la traducción al español de la novela con su original árabe para identificar los posibles desaciertos señalados y su efecto sobre la exactitud de la traducción, acompañados de comentarios aclarativos y seguidos por nuestras propuestas para dichos desaciertos. Para ello, el trabajo se apoya en la tipología de los errores gramaticales desarrollados por Nord (1991) y Hurtado Albir (2017).

ABSTRACTE‐learning tools and technologies have been used to supplement conventional courses in higher education institutions creating a "hybrid" e‐learning module that aims to enhance the learning experiences of students. Few studies have addressed the acceptance of hybrid e‐learning by learners and the factors affecting the learners' satisfaction with these tools. This study assesses hybrid e‐learning acceptance by learners using three critical success factors: instructor characteristics, information technology infrastructure, and organizational and technical support. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine and validate the hypothesized relationships among the three factors and their effects on learners' acceptance of hybrid e‐learning. A total of 538 usable responses from university students were used to validate the proposed research model. The influence of the three factors on learners' decision to accept hybrid e‐learning was empirically examined. The results show that all three factors significantly and directly impacted the learners' acceptance of hybrid e‐learning courses. Information technology infrastructure and organizational support were proven to be key determinants of the instructor characteristics as a critical success factor of hybrid e‐learning acceptance by learners. Implications of this work for higher education institutions, researchers, and instructors are described.