Suchergebnisse

The nature of the relationship between migration & the income attainment process is examined. Migration is viewed as an intervening mechanism for alleviating the inequality of opportunity between different types of communities. Data from the Survey Research Center of the U of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the years 1968-1974, covering 1,587 Rs, are analyzed. Results indicate that community size does not offer an adequate framework in which to evaluate the benefits of migration. In fact, migration from smaller to larger communities is negatively related to the attainment of income level, independent of differential migrant selectivity. These findings contrast with results of previous research & may indicate a change in the nature of 'opportunity structures' in the US. Migrants do, however, obtain benefits by moving from low to high wage areas & from high to low unemployment areas. 4 Tables. Modified HA.

The traditional assumptions made by TCP
about the operation of wired networks are often found to be invalid for wireless networks. Standard TCP semantics such as end-to-end flow control, congestion control mechanisms and error recovery provide reliability in wired networks. However, wireless communication systems have different characteristics when compared to wired networks that include higher bit error rates, higher latency, limited bandwidth, multipath fading of the signals and handoff. In this paper, we propose an enhancement to TCP that we shall call ETCP, which improves upon conventional TCP when it is applied to the wireless environment. Our simulation results show significant improvements to TCP performance with respect to packet loss detection.

In this research, the authors use data from the 2004 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Reserve Component Members to test whether the presence of environmental harassment is equally predictive for the U.S. military reserve component as it has been for the active duty military. They also investigate the impact of deployment on reporting harassment. Women and those deployed outside the United States are more likely to report harassment experiences. Results support earlier findings showing that when there are very few reports of environmental harassment, there are proportionately few reports of individualized forms of harassment. When there are sizeable percentages of environmental harassment reported, there are notable percentages reporting individualized harassment experiences.

This article compares results from the 1988 DoD Survey of Sex Roles and the 1995 Sexual Harassment Survey and assesses the impact of changes within the DoD and heightened awareness brought about by increased publicity surrounding sexual harassment. Responses are evaluated in terms of individual and environmental harassment. The first is defined as more personalized behavior that includes actual or attempted rape, assault, pressure for sexual favors or dates, sexual touching or cornering, and sexual letters or phone calls. Environmental harassment is more generalized and includes sexual teasing and jokes, suggestive looks and gestures, and sexual whistles, calls, and hoots. The data document a slight decline in the prevalence of perceived sexual harassment in the military since 1988. However, respondents, especially women, continue to indicate a substantial amount of harassment, which is still perpetrated primarily by other military members and coworkers, despite the 1995 survey results indicating that 98 percent of the military members "at least to some extent... know what sexual harassment is." The 1995 results also reinforce a key finding from the 1988 data: respondents reporting no environmental types of harassment are very unlikely to report individual harassment, and the vast majority of those reporting some environmental harassment are also likely to report individual harassment.

Using data from the "1988 DoD Survey of Sex Roles in the Active-Duty Military," this research focuses on individual experience and understanding of sexual harassment in the military work environment as well as impacts of organization context on this behavioral arena. Our results indicate that there is a pervasive pattern of sexual harassment, especially of women, that spans rank and work site contexts. Because the survey was conducted prior to the extensive publicity associated with the Clarence Thomas hearings and the Tailhook scandal, it is possible that respondents understated the extent of different types of harassment. We find that a general harassment environment is highly predictive of individualistic harassment experiences of women and men. We conclude that controlling overt sexual commentary and public behavior is essential for producing a positive nonharassing work situation.

Based on a 1988 Defense Department survey of male and female enlisted personnel.

Objective. Using data from the Mexican American Prevalence and Services Survey (Vega et al., 1998), this research tests whether the impact of acculturation and gender role ideology on wife abuse depends on country of origin.Methods. Two separate logistic regressions, one for U.S.‐born Latinas and one for Mexican‐born Latinas, are compared to test the impact of the interaction of place of origin with the other variables.Results. Our findings support earlier research indicating that power dynamics within a relationship impact the likelihood of a wife reporting she has experienced abuse. Significant differences in the influence of independent variables are found when comparing U.S.‐ and Mexican‐born respondents. In particular, variables related to family power dynamics operate differently. Gender role beliefs, however, have an independent influence for both groups after controlling for sociodemographic factors and power dynamics. Women with more traditional orientations are less likely to report abuse.Conclusions. Because the impact of gender role ideology is significant and in the same direction for both those born in the United States and those born in Mexico, it is unlikely that the traditional familism and gender role orientations reported among the Mexican born afford them greater protection against abuse.

Objective. Using data from the Mexican American Prevalence & Services Survey ( Vega et al., 1998), this research tests whether the impact of acculturation & gender role ideology on wife abuse depends on country of origin. Methods. Two separate logistic regressions, one for U.S.-born Latinas & one for Mexican-born Latinas, are compared to test the impact of the interaction of place of origin with the other variables. Results. Our findings support earlier research indicating that power dynamics within a relationship impact the likelihood of a wife reporting she has experienced abuse. Significant differences in the influence of independent variables are found when comparing U.S.- & Mexican-born respondents. In particular, variables related to family power dynamics operate differently. Gender role beliefs, however, have an independent influence for both groups after controlling for sociodemographic factors & power dynamics. Women with more traditional orientations are less likely to report abuse. Conclusions. Because the impact of gender role ideology is significant & in the same direction for both those born in the United States & those born in Mexico, it is unlikely that the traditional familism & gender role orientations reported among the Mexican born afford them greater protection against abuse. 2 Tables, 72 References. Adapted from the source document.