Suchergebnisse

This study is an overview of the effectiveness and institutional challenges of China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP). The SLCP is the Chinese government's largest Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) program and one of the largest PES programs in the world. From an institutional perspective, the SLCP is particularly interesting because it represents a hybrid governance type that includes both voluntary and hierarchical (top-down) elements rather than traditional command-and-control approach. Our analysis is based on a literature review that encompasses 164 international scientific articles. To identify institutional challenges, we linked the results regarding the effectiveness of the program to its institutional aspects. Our SLCP case study highlights the dependence of the effectiveness of a governmental PES program on the specific regulatory institutional setting and the particular actors involved. Our results show that some institutional challenges undermine the anticipated advantages of PES (local participation) and eventually reshape the program outcomes through implementation process, particularly in cases of hybrid governance structures in which institutional requirements are as important as the design of the specific financial incentives. The collaboration between relevant government actors at different hierarchical levels, and specifically the motivations and interests of the government actors responsible for the implementation on the ground, play crucial roles. The SLCP can be an important milestone in environmental policy in China and the world, if more innovative elements of a theoretically ideal PES—such as local flexibility and self-interest (or at least the acceptance of the service providers supplying the relevant ecosystem services) can be strengthened. The environmental goals can be achieved in combination with greater self-interest of the applicable government actors on all hierarchical levels.

As the world's largest payments for ecosystem services (PES) program, China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is designed to combat soil erosion and land degradation by converting cropland on steep slopes into forests. Operating through an incentive-based approach, the SLCP involved 32 million rural households as core agents. This paper aims to fill a research gap regarding how socioeconomic and institutional conditions influence rural households to reach the primary environmental goals. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), we conclude that at the household level, the different pathways to environmental success or failure have been shaped by socioeconomic and institutional conditions in a combinatory manner rather than single conditions alone. Specifically, the combination of household involvement and effective monitoring plays a fundamental role in capacity-building between government and households. We found that financial incentives have a trade-off effect, as they could not only create a positive interaction but also trigger failure in situations with different conditions. Finally, the potential and limits of QCA were discussed, and we call for a more serious reflection on the added value of QCA as an alternative or complementary method to conventional approaches in environmental governance research.

Bereits in der Amtszeit Jelzins und Clintons haben die Auseinandersetzungen über die amerikanischen Pläne zum Aufbau einer nationalen (»strategischen«) Raketenabwehr die russisch-amerikanischen Beziehungen stark belastet. Auch unter Putin hat Moskau auf dem Standpunkt beharrt, das NMD-Projekt solle dazu dienen, den Vereinigten Staaten eine globale politische und militärstrategische Vorherrschaft zu verschaffen. Die Bedrohung, die von sogenannten »Schurkenstaaten« ausgehe, werde von Washington bewußt übertrieben; im Grunde genommen richte sich NMD gegen Rußland und auch gegen China. Der Aufbau eines Raketenabwehrsystems und die Verletzung beziehungsweise Aufkündigung des ABM-Vertrags durch die Vereinigten Staaten würde die Gefahren eines Wettrüstens und der Weiterverbreitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen und ihrer Trägermittel verstärken und die internationale strategische Stabilität unterhöhlen. Die Studie weist auf, daß die den Vereinigten Staaten mit dem NMD-Projekt unterstellten Absichten zwar zum Teil wirklichen Überzeugungen in Moskau entsprechen, andererseits aber wegen beabsichtigter politischer Nutzeffekte überzeichnet werden. Eine in Moskau angestellte, wohlverstandene Kosten/Nutzen-Rechnung würde zugunsten einer Modifikation des ABM-Vertrags ausfallen. Tatsächlich geht die Tendenz im Kreml in Richtung auf eine Vertragsanpassung. Die Terroranschläge vom 11. September haben diese Tendenz weiter gestärkt. "Gegenmaßnahmen" wie beispielsweise eine Vermehrung der Offensivwaffen wären dagegen nicht oder nur zu Lasten anderer wichtiger Vorhaben finanzierbar; sie würden die strategische Gleichung auch nicht wesentlich zugunsten Rußlands verändern. Im Interesse der Bundesregierung dürfte es liegen, sich bei der NMD/ABM-Frage zurückzuhalten. Vorteilhaft könnte es allerdings sein, sich in Moskau für eine einvernehmliche Lösung mit Washington einzusetzen.

Biodiversity conservation in protected areas requires strict legal limitations to land use. In the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) of the Republic of Korea (ROK), military control has created an accidental sanctuary for the world's rarest crane species: the white-naped crane (Antigone vipio) and the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis). Yet varying land use demands on the CCZ by stakeholders have caused disagreements in achieving cooperative crane conservation. This paper aims to clarify relevant stakeholders' interconnection and their motives that have led them to either promote or inhibit crane conservation in the Cheorwon Basin of the CCZ. To answer these questions, we conducted participatory Net-Map interviews and identified stakeholders with a powerful role in crane conservation. Our results identify 44 stakeholders whose trust relations occurred twice as often as conflicts. More than 80% of stakeholders included in this study supported crane conservation initiatives. We attribute local farmers' increased level of environmental stewardship to two key schemes: a community-led farming project generating financial incentives and a communication channel for stakeholders. Our case study demonstrates that Net-Map is a valid tool to analyze human-crane interactions, which is critical to ensure acceptance of legal restrictions to land use as well as crane conservation.

While land serves numerous societal functions and contributes to sustainable development, it is often unclear how these functions are affected by political decisions and common drivers of land use change, such as economic development, climate change and demographic change. This study evaluates alternative land use scenarios in reference to a rural region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (China), where various processes and decisions have historically triggered unsustainable development. The scientifically tested "Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA)" method is developed further to address specific features of the case study region, and its function as a knowledge-brokerage (KB) tool is evaluated. Three scenarios are developed and analysed in expert workshops. "Land intensification: Agriculture" and "Land intensification: Mining" scenarios are found to have mainly negative environmental and social effects and positive economic impacts, while the "Environmental conservation and tourism" scenario is found to more positively affect all three sustainability dimensions. Assessments of methodological phases show that the FoPIA primarily serves to establish the KB process and that the framework particularly benefits from early examinations of scientific results by policy makers.