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How far can we apply the same moral principles to both public and private behaviour. In the interests of effective political action, are we right to accept acts of deceit, exploitation or force which we would regard as unacceptable in private relations with individuals? What means can be properly adopted in the promotion of great public causes? The problem of 'dirty hands' in politics was posed most strikingly by Machiavelli. It has re-emerged this century in a pressing and, to some extent, a new form, in connection with the two World Wars and more recently the Vietnam War, where the political decisions and the destruction, and risks of destruction, have been of a scale and character not previously experienced. The contributors, including Bernard Williams, Thomas Nagel, T. M. Scanlon, and Ronald Dworkin, examine the background to this problem in moral and political theory

This is the text of The Lindley Lecture for 1961, given by Stuart Hampshire (1914-2004), a British philosopher.

In honor of Index on Censorship's twentieth anniversary, the premise underlying the journal's battle against censorship is explored. Since its inception, Index has pursued the goal of impartially reporting censorship & violations of human rights. Though founded on the universal premise of freedom of expression, such a goal may be identified with Western values & liberalism &, therefore, may be ideologically unacceptable in various regions of the world. Index can avoid being identified with Western ideology by making the distinction between substantial & procedural conceptions of justice & fairness. Emphasis should not be on particular forms or kinds of free expression, but on the fair resolution of conflicting opinions & the right to appeal against censorship. D. Generoli

Human Rights ed. by Eugene Kamenka and Alice Ehr-Soon Tay Edward Arnold 165 pp £7 (£2.95 paperback)