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THE UNITED STATES ROUTINELY CRITICIZES EUROPE FOR CODDLING TERRORISTS AND APPEASING THE ROGUE GOVERNMENTS THAT SPONSOR THEM. A CLOSER EXAMINATION SUGGESTS THAT EUROPE IS NOT SO MUCH SOFT ON TERRORISM AS IT IS MISUNDERSTOOD. IN FACT, THERE IS REASON TO BELIEVE THAT, GIVEN THE CHANGING NATURE OF TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM, THE EUROPEAN WAY OF DOING THINGS MIGHT YIELD MORE EFFECTIVE RESULTS IN THE LONG RUN.

THIS ARTICLE ASSESSES THE CHANGING NATURE OF TERRORISM IN THE 1990S WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE GROWING OVERLAP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC TERRORIST TRENDS AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR AVIATION SECURITY. IT ARGUES THAT THE EMERGENCE OF EITHER OBSCURE, IDIOSYNCRATIC MILLENARIAN MOVEMENTS OR ZEALOUSLY NATIONALIST RELIGIOUS GROUPS POSSIBLY REPRESENT A VERY DIFFERENT AND POTENTIALLY FAR MORE LETHAL THREAT THAN MORE "TRADITIONAL" TERRORIST ADVERSARIES. FURTHER, AS THESE THREATS ARE BOTH DOMESTIC AS WELL AS INTERNATIONAL, THE RESPONSE MUST THEREFORE BE BOTH NATIONAL AND MULTINATIONAL. IN THIS RESPECT, NATIONAL COHESIVENESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL PREPARATION WILL NECESSARILY REMAIN THE ESSENTIAL FOUNDATION FOR BUILDING THE EFFECTIVE MULTINATIONAL APPROACH APPROPRIATE TO THESE NEW THREATS.

THAT TERRORISTS LESS FREQUENTLY CLAIM CREDIT FOR THEIR ATTACKS SUGGESTS A LOOSENING OF THE CONSTRAINTS ON THEIR VIOLENCE LEADING TO EVEN HIGHER LEVELS OF LETHALITY. IF TERRORISTS CAN EFFECTIVELY BETTER CONCEAL THEIR IDENTITY, THEREBY AVOIDING PERSONAL RETRIBUTION AND THEIR SPONSORS' PUNISHMENT, THEY CAN CONTEMPLATE BLOODIER AND MORE DESTRUCTIVE ATTACKS. MOST PERTINENT IS THE POINT THAT TERRORISM IS AT ROOT A DYNAMIC AND CONSTANTLY EVOLVING PHENOMENON. ONE SHOULD THEREFORE RESIST APPLYING ANACHRONISTIC EXPLANATIONS OF TERRORIST BEHAVIOR THAT BEAR LITTLE RELEVANCE TO CONTEMPORARY TRENDS.

THIS ARTICLE DEALS WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM CONFRONTING INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS: EVEN WHEN THE INFORMATION IS READILY AT HAND THERE REMAINS THE VERY REAL PROBLEM OF PERSUADING THOSE IN AUTHORTY TO ACT UPON IT. SECOND, NOT ONLY DOES IT SHED LIGHT ON THE INHERENT DIFFICULTIES IN PREVENTING AND COUNTERING TERRORISM EVEN WHEN INTELLIGENCE EXISTS, BUT IT ALSO ILLUMINATES TWO KEY TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM TODAY: 1) THE PROLIFERATION OF TERRORIST GROUPS MOTIVATED BY A RELIGIOUS IMPERATIVE; 2) THE OVERALL DIFFUSION OF THE TERRORIST THREAT AS EVIDENCED BY THE INCREASING INVOLVEMENT OF AMATEUR TERRORISTS ALONGSIDE THEIR MORE EASILY IDENTIFIED PROFESSIONAL COUNTERPARTS.

THE PUBLISHED LITERATURE ON TERRORISM AND LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT (LIC) IS SURVEYED IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE ROLE THAT RESEARCH ON TERRORISM AND LIC CAN PLAY BOTH IN COUNTERING PRESENT AND LIKELY FUTURE ADVERSARIES AND ADDRESSING EXISTING AND POTENTIALLY NEW CHALLENGES. IT ALSO SEEKS TO PROVIDE A BASELINE ASSESSMENT OF HOW FIRM A FOUNDATION CURRENT RESEARCH INTO THESE SUBJECTS HAS PROVIDED. THE ARTICLE ARGUES THAT THE NEED FOR POLICY-RELEVANT RESEARCH IN BOTH TERRORISM AND LIC LOOMS LARGER THAN EVER. IT CONCLUDES THAT WITHOUT A CLEAR CONCEPTION OF US INTERESTS AND US GOALS, THESE EFFORTS WILL BE FOR NAUGHT.

THIS ARTICLE ARGUES THAT THE NATURE AND CHARACTER OF THE ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TERRORISM HAVE CHANGED AND THAT THIS CHANGE MORE ACCURATELY ACCOUNTS FOR TERRORISM'S GROWING LETHALITY. IN WHAT APPEARS TO BE AN EMERGING TREND, TERRORISM IS INCREASINGLY PERPETRATED BY GROUPS WITH A DOMINANT RELIGIOUS COMPONENT IN CONTRAST TO THE LARGELY POLITICALLY ORIENTED GROUPS OF THE PAST TWO DECADES. TERRORISM MOTIVATED BY A RELIGIOUS IMPERATIVE HAS SHOWN ITSELF TO BE CONSIDERABLY LESS DISCRIMINATE THAN TERRORISM MOTIVATED BY OSTENSIBLY POLITICAL AIMS; CONSEQUENTLY, IT ENCOMPASSES A FAR WIDER CHOICE OF TARGETS AND, INDEED, OF VICTIMS AS WELL. DISTINCTIONS BASED ON IDEOLOGICAL POLARITY (FOR EXAMPLE, LEFT VERSUS RIGHT) OR ON NATIONALIST OR IRREDENTIST AIMS NO LONGER USEFULLY DESCRIBE THE WAY TERRORISTS JUSTIFY THEIR VIOLENT CAMPAIGNS.

RECENTLY, ATTENTION HAS BEEN DRAWN TO THE CLOSE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) AND THE RULING SANDINISTA REGIME IN NICARAGUA. THE SUPPORT, TRAINING, AND ARMS FURNISHED BY THE PLO TO THE SANDINISTAS AND LIKE-MINDED REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS IN SURROUNDING CENTRAL AMERICAN COUNTRIES HAVE OFTEN BEEN CITED AS PROOF THAT NICARAGUA HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO A BASE FOR INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. THIS ARTICLE ASSESSES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PLO AND THE SANDINISTAS. IN PARTICULAR, IT EXAMINES THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSION OF THIS RELATIONSHIP, THAT IS, THE EXTENSION OR TRANSPOSITION OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PLO AND ISRAEL IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO CENTRAL AMERICA. IN THIS RESPECT, PLO SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE TO THE SANDINISTAS AND OTHER REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS IN SURROUNDING COUNTRIES HAS SERVED AS A COUNTERBALANCE TO ISRAELI SUPPORT AND ARMS SALES TO NICARAGUA'S NEIGHBORS IN CENTRAL AMERICA.

THIS ARTICLE USES NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS, PUBLISHED GOVERNMENT REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS, RISK ASSESSMENT PUBLICATIONS, INTELLIGENCE NEWSLETTERS, RADIO AND TELEVISION NEWS TRANSCRIPTS, AND JOURNAL ARTICLES COLLECTED FROM MORE THAN 100 COUNTRIES TO CREATE A CHRONOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM INCIDENTS THAT OCCURRED IN 1994. THE ARTICLE INCLUDES A STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM FOR 1994 WHICH LISTS THE NUMBER OF FATAL TERRORIST ATTACKS. IT ALSO ORGANIZES THE TERRORIST ATTACKS BY REGION, BY TACTIC, AND BY NATIONALITIES MOST OFTEN TARGETED.

THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE URBAN CONTEXT OF TURKISH TERRORISM AND PROVIDES SOME PRELIMINARY ANSWERS TO SOME QUESTIONS. THE ARGUMENT PRESENTED DOES NOT ASSUME THAT THERE IS A STRONG AND CONSISTENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RAPID URBANIZATION AND POLITICAL TERRORISM OR THAT MIGRATION TO THE CITIES INVARIABLY LEADS TO THE RADICALIZATION OF THE URBAN POOR. IT VIEWS THE RAPID GROWTH OF CITIES IN MANY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AS CREATING A SET OF CONDITIONS--STRUCTURAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL--THAT ARE FAVORABLE TO THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF HITHERTO RURALLY-BASED INSURGENT GROUPS.

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict that most of the world's >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century. ; Alberta Mennega Stichting ; ALCOA Suriname ; Amazon Conservation Association ; Banco de la República ; CELOS Suriname ; CAPES (PNPG) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvovimento Científico e Tecnológico of Brazil (CNPq) Projects CENBAM, PELD (558069/2009-6), PRONEX-FAPEAM (1600/2006), Áreas Úmidas, MAUA; PELD (403792/2012-6), PPBio, PVE 004/2012, Universal (479599/2008-4), and Universal 307807- 2009-6 ; FAPEAM projects DCR/2006, Hidroveg with FAPESP, and PRONEX with CNPq ; FAPESP ; Colciencias ; CONICIT ; Duke University ; Ecopetrol ; FEPIM 044/2003 ; The Field Museum ; Conservation International/DC (TEAM/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus ; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation ; Guyana Forestry Commission ; Investissement d'Avenir grant of the French ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-0025 ; IVIC ; Margaret Mee Amazon Trust ; Miquel fonds ; MCTI–Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi–Proc. 407232/2013-3–PVE-MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq; National Geographic Society (7754-04 and 8047-06 to P.M.J.; 6679-99, 7435-03, and 8481-08 to T.W.H.); NSF-0726797 to K.R.Y ; NSF Dissertation Improvement ; Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research WOTRO (grants WB85-335 and W84-581) ; Primate Conservation Inc. ; Programme Ecosystèmes Tropicaux (French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development) ; Shell Prospecting and Development Peru ; Smithsonian Institution's Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Program ; Stichting het van Eeden-fonds ; The Body Shop ; The Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador ; TROBIT ; Tropenbos International ; U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF-0743457 and NSF-0101775 to P.M.J.; NSF-0918591 to T.W.H.) ; USAID ; Variety Woods Guyana ; Wenner-Gren Foundation ; WWF-Brazi ; WWF-Guianas ; XIIéme Contrat de Plan Etat Région-Guyane (French Government and European Union) ; European Union ; UK Natural Environment Research Counci ; European Research Council ; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award