Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Procode is a free of charge web-tool that allows automatic coding of occupational data (free-texts) by implementing Complement Naïve Bayes (CNB) as a machine-learning technique. The paper describes the algorithm, performance evaluation, and future goals regarding the tool's development. Almost 30 000 free-texts with manually assigned classification codes of French classification of occupations (PCS) and French classification of activities (NAF) were used to train CNB. A 5-fold cross-validation found that Procode predicts correct classification codes in 57–81 and 63–83% cases for PCS and NAF, respectively. Procode also integrates recoding between two classifications. In the first version of Procode, this operation, however, is only a simple search function of recoding links in existing crosswalks. Future focus of the project will be collection of the data to support automatic coding to other classification and to establish a more advanced method for recoding.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) raise questions among the scientific community and public health authorities about their potential risks to human health. Studying a prospective cohort of workers exposed to ENMs would be considered the gold standard for identifying potential health effects of nanotechnology and confirming the 'no effect' levels derived from cellular and animal models. However, because only small, cross-sectional studies have been conducted in the past 5 years, questions remain about the health risks of ENMs. This essay addresses the scientific, methodological, political and regulatory issues that make epidemiological research in nanotechnology-exposed communities particularly complex. Scientific challenges include the array of physicochemical parameters and ENM production conditions, the lack of universally accepted definitions of ENMs and nanotechnology workers, and the lack of information about modes of action, target organs and likely dose-response functions of ENMs. Standardisation of data collection and harmonisation of research protocols are needed to eliminate misclassification of exposures and health effects. Forming ENM worker cohorts from a combination of smaller cohorts and overcoming selection bias are also challenges. National or international registries for monitoring the exposures and health of ENM workers would be helpful for epidemiological studies, but the creation of such a registry and ENM worker cohorts will require political support and dedicated funding at the national and international levels. Public authorities and health agencies should consider carrying out an ENM awareness campaign to educate and engage all stakeholders and concerned communities in discussion of such a project.

Objectives: To prospectively investigate the association between Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) and over-commitment and the scores of the burnout dimensions over a 4 years follow-up period considering potential confounders.Methods: Data stemmed from CoLaus|PsyCoLaus, a population-based cohort study including 575 participants (mean age 55 years, 50% men). Participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, ERI and over-commitment questionnaires at baseline (T1) and after a 4 years follow-up (T2), and provided demographic, behavioral, psychiatric, personality and social support information through self-reported questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Serially adjusted linear regression models were used.Results: ERI and over-commitment were not associated longitudinally with any of the burnout dimensions when controlling for confounders. One standard deviation increases in the scores of exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy were associated with one standard deviation increase in the scores of the same burnout dimensions longitudinally, and these associations were independent of the effects of ERI and over-commitment.Conclusion: Future studies should re-examine the effect of ERI and over-commitment on workers' burnout, considering the effects of confounders.

Abstract
Purpose
To prospectively assess (1) the associations of Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI), its individual components, and over-commitment with (a) the onset of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE) during a 3.6-year follow-up in a population-based cohort in participants with no current Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in the beginning of the follow-up (n = 959), (b) incidence of MDD in the subsample of participants exempt from lifetime MDD (n = 490), and (c) the onset of a new MDE (i.e. recurrence) in the subsample of participants with remitted but no current MDD (n = 485), and (2) potential effect modification of burnout on these associations.

Methods
DSM-IV Axis-I disorders were elicited using the semi-structured Diagnostic Instrument for Genetic Studies at each investigation. The ERI Questionnaire was used to measure ERI and overcommitment. Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey. Serially adjusted logistic regression models were used. The effect of burnout dimensions on these associations was assessed by testing interactions between the ERI and burnout dimensions.

Results
(1) ERI was prospectively associated with the onset of MDE, even after adjustment for burnout [OR (95CI) = 1.22 (1.003–1.49)]. (2) The association between ERI and MDD incidence became non-significant after adjusting for burnout. (3) ERI was not associated with recurrence of pre-existing MDD. (4) burnout did not interact with ERI.

Conclusions
Our results support a longitudinal association between ERI and the risk of onset of MDE in the community. Burnout did not modify this effect, but it may partially account for the association between ERI and MDD incidence.

Abstract
The production of paints, coatings and construction materials may generate nanoparticles (NP) with potential adverse health effects. We carried out a study aimed at investigating exposure biomarkers reflecting the internal dose of inhaled particles and NP. NTA was used to quantify particle number concentration and size in EBC collected at the end of shift in 81 workers employed in companies producing technological materials. External exposure was characterized in terms of particle number concentration, size and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) in the near operational field by using a set of DiSCmini. Three subgroups were identified: Low-Exposure (LE, n=30), High-Exposure (HE n=35), and non-occupationally exposed (UC, n=16). Comparisons between groups were made using non-parametric analyses. LE and HE workers showed significantly higher number of NP in EBC (p=0.024, p=0.041, respectively) as compared to UC. The HE groups showed higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers, such as IL-1β and IL-10 as compared to LE and UC (p=0.02, p<0.01, respectively). Positive correlations were observed between particle number concentration recorded by DiscMini and NTA data (Rho=0,225, p=0.04) and between the NTA and IL-10 and IL-1β (Rho=0.246, p=0.012; Rho=0.223, p=0.022, respectively). In contrast, LDSA did not correlate with NTA data. These findings provide evidence of the relationship between increasing exposure to NP and the burden of particles in the airways which, in turn, results in sustained inflammation. Given the lack of exposure biomarkers for dusts, these results are promising to investigate the relationship between internal dose of particles and changes in lung pathobiology.

Abstract
Exposure to nanomaterials (NMs) may harm biological systems by altering the redox status and triggering inflammatory processes, which in turn may affect respiratory health. In the NanoExplore cohort of 141 workers, we observed a positive dose-response relationship between the short-term exposure to NMs and biomarkers of inflammation, measured in Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC), but no relationship with lung function parameters (LFP). This study focuses on the association between cumulative exposure to NMs over the last 10 years and changes in LFP and the potential mediating role of airways inflammation. Individual cumulative exposure was estimated by multiplying the nanoparticle concentration, measured at workers' workstations by DiSCmini, by the duration of worker's employment at the corresponding workstation up to last 10 years. In EBC, we measured High-Sensitivity CRP (Hs-CRP), IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 as biomarkers of inflammation. LFP were assessed according to ATS/ERS standards. Their association with cumulative exposure was examined using logistic regression models adjusted for tobacco consumption (in pack-years), among 136 workers with complete data (19-62 yrs., 70% males). We found that per unit increase in 10-year exposure, the risk of observing FEV1 values below the normal limit increases by 0.3% (95%CI: 1.000-1.005, p=0.049) and by 0.8% (95%CI: 1.000-1.015, p=0.039) with the exposure expressed as number of particles and lung deposited surface area, respectively. The ongoing mediation analysis will investigate the potential mediating role of inflammation in the association between cumulative exposure to NMs and lung function