Suchergebnisse

Strontium: Source, occurrence, properties and detection -- Isotopes of strontium: Properties and applications -- Strontium extraction from the geo-environment -- Biosorption of strontium from aqueous solutions -- Plant response under strontium and phytoremediation -- Uptake, transport, and remediation of strontium -- Spatial distribution of 90Sr in the ecosystems of Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve -- Spatial distribution of 90Sr from different sources in soils of the Urals region, Russia -- 90Sr in the components of pine forests of Belarusian part of Chernobyl NPP exclusion zone -- Removal of strontium by physio-chemical adsorption and ion exchange methods -- Use of the sorption method for strontium removal -- Assessment of the alkaline earth metals (Ca, Sr, Ba) and their associated health impacts

Chapter1. Uranium in the beginning of nuclear age: Reflections of the historical role of Jáchymov and early (Czech) epidemiological studies till now -- Chapter2. Uranium and its distribution in typical Belarusian soils -- Chapter3. Environmental and health impact due to uranium mining -- Chapter4. Biogeochemistry of uranium in tropical environments -- Chapter5. Uranium behaviour in soils and mechanisms of its accumulation in agricultural plants -- Chapter6. Factor influencing the soil to plant transfer of uranium -- Chapter7. Uranium and plants: Elemental translocation and phytoremediation approaches -- Chapter8. Uranium transfer from Japanese agricultural soils to crops and the correlations with other elements -- Chapter9. Influence of uranium speciation on the uptake of uranium by plants -- Chapter10. Assessment modelling and the evaluation of radiological and chemical impacts of uranium on humans and the environment -- Chapter11. Legacy of bio-kinetic modelling and risk assessment of uranium in humans

This book provides extensive and comprehensive knowledge to the researchers/academics who are working in the field of cesium contaminated sites, and the impact on plants. This book is also helpful for graduate and undergraduate students who are specializing in radioecology or safe disposal of radioactive waste, remediation of legacies and the impact on the environment. Radiocesium (137Cs and 134Cs) was released into the environment as a result of nuclear weapons testing in 1950s and 1960s (~1x1018 Bq), and later due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 (8.5x1016 Bq) and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 (~1x1017 Bq). 137Cs is still of relevance due to its half-life of 30 years. The study of radioisotope 137Cs is important, as production and emission rates are high compared to other radioisotopes, due to high fission yield and high volatility. This book contains original work and reviews on how cesium is released into the environment on translocation from soil to plants and further on to animals and into the human food chain. Separate chapters focus on the effective half-life of cesium in plants and on how different cultivars are responding in accumulation of cesium. Other key chapters focus on cesium impact on single cells to higher plants and also on remediation measures as well as on basic mechanism used for remedial options and analysis of transfer factors. The book rounds off by contributions on cesium uptake and translocation and its toxicity in plants after the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Sources Contributing to Radionuclides in the Environment: With Focus on Radioactive Particles -- 1 Release of Radioactivity in the Environment -- 2 Particle Characterisation Techniques -- 2.1 Identification and Isolation of Radioactive Particles -- 2.2 Nano- and Microfocusing Analytical Techniques -- 2.3 Identification of Isotope Ratios for Source Identification of Single Particles Using MS Techniques -- 3 Linking Sources and Particle Characteristics -- 3.1 Particles Originating from Testing of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.2 Particles Released During Nuclear Accidents -- 3.3 Particles Originating from Nuclear Reprocessing Activities -- 3.3.1 Particles Released from North American Sites -- 3.3.2 Particles Released from Russian Sites -- 3.3.3 Particles Released from European Reprocessing Plants -- 3.4 Particles Associated with Dumping of Waste -- 3.5 Nuclear Accidents Involving Satellites -- 3.6 Conventional Detonation of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.7 Depleted Uranium Ammunitions -- 3.8 Radioactive Particles of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Origin -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Mobility and Bioavailability of Radionuclides in Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective and Overview -- 1.2 Vertical Movement of Radionuclides in Undisturbed Soils -- 1.3 The Solid-Liquid Distribution Coefficient, Kd -- 1.4 Radionuclide Bioavailability in Soils -- 2 Factors Controlling the Behaviour of Radionuclides in Soil -- 2.1 Soil Organic Matter -- 2.2 Mineral Soil Components -- 2.3 Redox Potential (Eh) and the pH -- 2.4 Rainfall -- 2.5 Soil Structure and Texture -- 2.6 Climate Change and Soil Management -- 3 Behaviour of Key Specific Artificial Radionuclides in Soil -- 3.1 Caesium -- 3.2 Plutonium and Americium -- 3.3 Strontium -- 4 Natural Radionuclides -- 4.1 Uranium -- 4.2 Thorium -- 4.3 Radium -- 5 Conclusions -- References.

Heavy metal accumulation in soil and water from natural sources or anthropogenic activities have produced severe environmental contamination in some parts of the world due to the persistence of metals in the environment by their accumulation throughout the food chain. The purpose of this book is to present the most recent advances in this field, mainly concerning the uptake and translocation of heavy metals in plants, mechanisms of toxicity, perception of metal and regulation of cell response under metal stress. Another key feature of this book is related to the studies on signaling and remediation processes in recent years, which have taken advantage of recent technological advances including "omic" approaches. In recent years transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have become very important tools for analyzing both the dynamics of changes in gene expression and the profiles of protein and metabolites under heavy metal stress. This information is also very useful for plotting the complex signaling and metabolic network induced by heavy metals, in which hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also play an important role. Understanding the mechanism involved in sequestration and hyperaccumulation is very important to developing new strategies of phytoremediation, which are reviewed in several chapters of this book. The information included yields very stimulating insights into the mechanism involved in the regulation of plant responses to heavy metals, which in turn improve our knowledge of cell regulation under metal stress and the use of plants for phytoremediation

Chapter1: Main analytical methods for determining lead in environmental and biological samples -- Chapter2: Environmental distribution and modelling of radioactive lead (210): A Monte Carlo simulation application -- Chapter3: Lead pollution and human exposure: Forewarned is forearmed, and the question now becomes how to respond to the threat! -- Chapter4: Impact of lead contamination on agro-ecosystem and human health -- Chapter5: Lead contamination and its dynamics in soil plant system -- Chapter6: Lead toxicity in plants: A review -- Chapter7: The mechanisms involved in photosynthetic apparatus protection against lead toxicity -- Chapter8: Physiological and biochemical changes in plant growth and different plant enzymes in response to lead stress -- Chapter9: Biological strategies of lichen symbionts to the toxicity of lead (Pb) -- Chapter10: Phytoremediation of lead: A review

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1: Mangroves: Types and Importance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Mangroves -- 1.3 Mangrove Ecosystem Services -- 1.3.1 Protecting from Intense Sunlight and UV-Radiation -- 1.3.2 Reducing `Greenhouse Gas´ and Carbon Sequestration -- 1.3.3 Protecting from Cyclone and Storms -- 1.3.4 Protecting from Giant Waves -- 1.3.5 Controlling Flood Damage -- 1.3.6 Preventing Coastal Soil Erosion -- 1.3.7 Trapping Coastal Sediments -- 1.3.8 Deepening of Creeks -- 1.3.9 Trapping and Recycling of Nutrients -- 1.3.10 Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Enrichment -- 1.3.11 Supporting Fishes and Wildlife -- 1.3.12 Supporting Coastal Food Web -- 1.3.13 Protecting Other Coastal Systems -- 1.4 Uses of Mangroves -- 1.4.1 Firewood and Wood Products -- 1.4.2 Honey Collection -- 1.4.3 Mangrove Foliage as Fodder -- 1.4.4 Fisheries and Livelihood -- 1.4.5 Eco-tourism Development -- 1.4.6 Environmental Risk Reduction -- 1.4.7 Traditional Medicinal Value -- 1.4.8 Herbal Tea from Mangroves -- 1.4.9 Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities -- 1.4.10 Anticancer Activity of Mangroves -- 1.4.11 Anti-Viral Activities -- 1.4.12 Anti-Diabetic Activity -- 1.4.13 Anticoagulant Activity of Mangroves -- 1.4.14 Neuro-Protective Activity -- 1.4.15 Bioactive Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.4.16 Mosquito Repellents and Larvicides -- 1.4.17 Lead Molecules for Drug Development -- 1.4.18 Valuable Genes from Mangroves -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2: Biogeography of the Mangrove Ecosystem: Floristics, Population Structure, and Conservation Strategies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mangrove Floristics of the World and Distribution Pattern -- 2.3 Phylogeography of Extant Mangrove Species -- 2.4 Origin and Diversification of Mangroves Based on the West Tethyan Hotspot.