Disponible en ligne: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/wgPXa2zPbncUPSTDxsgn/full ; International audience ; In Europe, the idea that coordinating transportation and urban planning is a necessary condition for setting sustainable urban development into motion has spread throughout academic and professional circles. While this concern is not new, the objectives underlying transport and urban planning coordination have deeply changed over the last decades. How have local authorities translated the requirements and objectives of national laws? How have they accounted for the evolution of these global objectives ? What factors explain innovation and continuity in the relationship between land use planning and transport policies? In a comparative research between Switzerland and France, we addressed the question of political change by reconstituting the "trajectories" of four urban areas: Geneva and Bern in Switzerland and Strasbourg and Bordeaux in France. We have described the policy paths of these urban areas since the end of the 1960's by focusing on the contents of master plans, the principal technical solutions and projects that have been implemented, and the means of inter-sectorial coordination used. For each case, factors of change or inertia have been identified by focusing on three main variables that are often studied alternatively in public policy analysis: ideas, institutions and interests.
International audience ; In Europe, the idea that coordinating transport and urban planning is a necessary condition for setting sustainable urban development into motion has spread throughout academic and professional circles. If there is nothing new regarding this concern, the objectives underlying transport and urban planning coordination have deeply changed since the late 1960s. How has the shift in perspective, from adapting the city to the automobile toward promoting sustainable cities and mobilities, been translated into action? And what of local issues, visions, and coordination practices surrounding transportation and urban planning? What factors favor this kind of integration, and can we identify sources of inertia and causes of public action fragmentation? Based on a comparative study of four urban area's transport policy and urban planning trajectories (Geneva, Bern, Strasbourg and Bordeaux), this paper analyses the coordination between transport and urban planning as a political process in permanent (re)construction. ; L'idée selon laquelle une meilleure coordination entre les politiques de transport et d'urbanisme est une des conditions d'un développement urbain durable est largement admise par les chercheurs, les professionnels et les responsables politiques. Si cette conception n'est pas nouvelle, les objectifs qui la sous-tendent ont largement évolué depuis la fin des années 1960. Comment le changement de perspective de la ville automobile à la ville durable a-t-il été traduit en action ? Qu'en est-il des enjeux, des visions et des pratiques locales de la coordination entre transport et urbanisme ? Quels sont les facteurs qui favorisent cette articulation et peut-on identifier des causes d'inertie de l'action publique ? A partir d'une étude croisée des trajectoires des politiques de transport et d'urbanisme dans quatre agglomérations suisses et françaises (Berne, Genève, Strasbourg et Bordeaux), cet article analyse la coordination urbanisme-transport comme un processus politique en (re)construction permanente.
International audience ; In Europe, the idea that coordinating transport and urban planning is a necessary condition for setting sustainable urban development into motion has spread throughout academic and professional circles. If there is nothing new regarding this concern, the objectives underlying transport and urban planning coordination have deeply changed since the late 1960s. How has the shift in perspective, from adapting the city to the automobile toward promoting sustainable cities and mobilities, been translated into action? And what of local issues, visions, and coordination practices surrounding transportation and urban planning? What factors favor this kind of integration, and can we identify sources of inertia and causes of public action fragmentation? Based on a comparative study of four urban area's transport policy and urban planning trajectories (Geneva, Bern, Strasbourg and Bordeaux), this paper analyses the coordination between transport and urban planning as a political process in permanent (re)construction. ; L'idée selon laquelle une meilleure coordination entre les politiques de transport et d'urbanisme est une des conditions d'un développement urbain durable est largement admise par les chercheurs, les professionnels et les responsables politiques. Si cette conception n'est pas nouvelle, les objectifs qui la sous-tendent ont largement évolué depuis la fin des années 1960. Comment le changement de perspective de la ville automobile à la ville durable a-t-il été traduit en action ? Qu'en est-il des enjeux, des visions et des pratiques locales de la coordination entre transport et urbanisme ? Quels sont les facteurs qui favorisent cette articulation et peut-on identifier des causes d'inertie de l'action publique ? A partir d'une étude croisée des trajectoires des politiques de transport et d'urbanisme dans quatre agglomérations suisses et françaises (Berne, Genève, Strasbourg et Bordeaux), cet article analyse la coordination urbanisme-transport comme un processus politique en (re)construction permanente.
Disponible en ligne: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/wgPXa2zPbncUPSTDxsgn/full ; International audience ; In Europe, the idea that coordinating transportation and urban planning is a necessary condition for setting sustainable urban development into motion has spread throughout academic and professional circles. While this concern is not new, the objectives underlying transport and urban planning coordination have deeply changed over the last decades. How have local authorities translated the requirements and objectives of national laws? How have they accounted for the evolution of these global objectives ? What factors explain innovation and continuity in the relationship between land use planning and transport policies? In a comparative research between Switzerland and France, we addressed the question of political change by reconstituting the "trajectories" of four urban areas: Geneva and Bern in Switzerland and Strasbourg and Bordeaux in France. We have described the policy paths of these urban areas since the end of the 1960's by focusing on the contents of master plans, the principal technical solutions and projects that have been implemented, and the means of inter-sectorial coordination used. For each case, factors of change or inertia have been identified by focusing on three main variables that are often studied alternatively in public policy analysis: ideas, institutions and interests.
International audience ; In Europe, the idea that coordinating transport and urban planning is a necessary condition for setting sustainable urban development into motion has spread throughout academic and professional circles. If there is nothing new regarding this concern, the objectives underlying transport and urban planning coordination have deeply changed since the late 1960s. How has the shift in perspective, from adapting the city to the automobile toward promoting sustainable cities and mobilities, been translated into action? And what of local issues, visions, and coordination practices surrounding transportation and urban planning? What factors favor this kind of integration, and can we identify sources of inertia and causes of public action fragmentation? Based on a comparative study of four urban area's transport policy and urban planning trajectories (Geneva, Bern, Strasbourg and Bordeaux), this paper analyses the coordination between transport and urban planning as a political process in permanent (re)construction. ; L'idée selon laquelle une meilleure coordination entre les politiques de transport et d'urbanisme est une des conditions d'un développement urbain durable est largement admise par les chercheurs, les professionnels et les responsables politiques. Si cette conception n'est pas nouvelle, les objectifs qui la sous-tendent ont largement évolué depuis la fin des années 1960. Comment le changement de perspective de la ville automobile à la ville durable a-t-il été traduit en action ? Qu'en est-il des enjeux, des visions et des pratiques locales de la coordination entre transport et urbanisme ? Quels sont les facteurs qui favorisent cette articulation et peut-on identifier des causes d'inertie de l'action publique ? A partir d'une étude croisée des trajectoires des politiques de transport et d'urbanisme dans quatre agglomérations suisses et françaises (Berne, Genève, Strasbourg et Bordeaux), cet article analyse la coordination urbanisme-transport comme un processus politique en ...
Disponible en ligne: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/wgPXa2zPbncUPSTDxsgn/full ; International audience ; In Europe, the idea that coordinating transportation and urban planning is a necessary condition for setting sustainable urban development into motion has spread throughout academic and professional circles. While this concern is not new, the objectives underlying transport and urban planning coordination have deeply changed over the last decades. How have local authorities translated the requirements and objectives of national laws? How have they accounted for the evolution of these global objectives ? What factors explain innovation and continuity in the relationship between land use planning and transport policies? In a comparative research between Switzerland and France, we addressed the question of political change by reconstituting the "trajectories" of four urban areas: Geneva and Bern in Switzerland and Strasbourg and Bordeaux in France. We have described the policy paths of these urban areas since the end of the 1960's by focusing on the contents of master plans, the principal technical solutions and projects that have been implemented, and the means of inter-sectorial coordination used. For each case, factors of change or inertia have been identified by focusing on three main variables that are often studied alternatively in public policy analysis: ideas, institutions and interests.
International audience ; Since the 19th century, a variety of "ideal" land-use transport systems have been formulated as optimal solutions to urban land-use and transportation problems (Wegener and Fürst, 1999). Today, there is a broad consensus among researchers and transport/urban planning professionals that more coherence and coordination between transport and land-use policies is necessary to achieve sustainable urban development and mobility. This claim derives from evidence that, in Europe, local policies are only successful as regards criteria for sustainable development (the reduction of motorized traffic) when they combine measures for limiting car use in city centres with measures favoring the development of public transportation, densification, and mixed-use urban organization (Pharoah and Appel, 1995; Brög and Erl, 1996). If there is nothing new in the question regarding the interaction between spatial organization and transport, the ideas underlining this concern and the purposes of public policies have deeply evolved over the centuries, particularly as relates to urban planning. In short, we have moved from a concept of "car-shaped cities" to an approach to urban design where guidelines derive from "urbanity" values and the sharing of public spaces. How have local authorities translated the requirements and objectives of national laws? And how have they accounted for the evolution of these global objectives and the increasingly complex issue of coordinating urban development and transportation? What factors explain innovation and continuity in the relationship between land-use planning and transport policies? In this study we focused on the question of political change by comparing the "trajectories" of four urban areas: Geneva and Bern in Switzerland and Strasbourg and Bordeaux in France. Many empirical studies in political analysis have emphasized the importance of the long-term in identifying elements of continuity in political processes, assessing the reality of change, and stressing the interplay between national and local authorities (Fontaine and Hassenteufel, 2002; Kay, 2005). In this work, we have described the "policy paths" of the four aforementioned urban areas since the end of the 1960's by focusing on the contents of master plans, the principal technical solutions and projects that have been implemented, and the means of inter-sectorial coordination used. To do so, we have done a detailed analysis of numerous documents (laws, plans, technical studies, political documents, etc.) as well as semi-directive interviews with local actors. For each case, factors of change or inertia have been identified by focusing on three main variables that are often studied alternatively in public policy analysis: ideas, institutions and interests, or the "Three I's" as termed by Palier and Surel (2005). This paper presents the main results that emerged from a comparative analysis of these local dynamics. In exploring this first dimension, we have brought into question the influence of ideas, values, and standards on public policy and in the problem of the formulation or choice of solutions. We have shown, for instance, that urban or ecological values do explain differences in the ways of coordinating transport and land-use policies in Switzerland and in France; furthermore, this influence varies between cities based on geographical and "cultural" variables. We then focused on the role of the institutions (i.e. formal organizations) that regulate and structure local political systems. Our empirical observations led us to give less importance to the influence of institutional reform as a means of achieving more integrated policies: although institutions do influence political choices and explain differences among the four cities, we maintain that changing local institutions alone is not in itself an effective means of changing policies. The last variable concerns the interests of actors involved in political processes, as well as their strategic negotiations and interactions. We found that coordination between transport and land-use planning results from conflicts between areabased and reticular approaches to territorial development. Furthermore, we underline the role of economic factors in the negotiations between city centres and the suburbs, specifically in the context of cross-border urban areas (Strasbourg and Geneva).
International audience ; Since the 19th century, a variety of "ideal" land-use transport systems have been formulated as optimal solutions to urban land-use and transportation problems (Wegener and Fürst, 1999). Today, there is a broad consensus among researchers and transport/urban planning professionals that more coherence and coordination between transport and land-use policies is necessary to achieve sustainable urban development and mobility. This claim derives from evidence that, in Europe, local policies are only successful as regards criteria for sustainable development (the reduction of motorized traffic) when they combine measures for limiting car use in city centres with measures favoring the development of public transportation, densification, and mixed-use urban organization (Pharoah and Appel, 1995; Brög and Erl, 1996). If there is nothing new in the question regarding the interaction between spatial organization and transport, the ideas underlining this concern and the purposes of public policies have deeply evolved over the centuries, particularly as relates to urban planning. In short, we have moved from a concept of "car-shaped cities" to an approach to urban design where guidelines derive from "urbanity" values and the sharing of public spaces. How have local authorities translated the requirements and objectives of national laws? And how have they accounted for the evolution of these global objectives and the increasingly complex issue of coordinating urban development and transportation? What factors explain innovation and continuity in the relationship between land-use planning and transport policies? In this study we focused on the question of political change by comparing the "trajectories" of four urban areas: Geneva and Bern in Switzerland and Strasbourg and Bordeaux in France. Many empirical studies in political analysis have emphasized the importance of the long-term in identifying elements of continuity in political processes, assessing the reality of change, and stressing the ...
International audience ; Since the 19th century, a variety of "ideal" land-use transport systems have been formulated as optimal solutions to urban land-use and transportation problems (Wegener and Fürst, 1999). Today, there is a broad consensus among researchers and transport/urban planning professionals that more coherence and coordination between transport and land-use policies is necessary to achieve sustainable urban development and mobility. This claim derives from evidence that, in Europe, local policies are only successful as regards criteria for sustainable development (the reduction of motorized traffic) when they combine measures for limiting car use in city centres with measures favoring the development of public transportation, densification, and mixed-use urban organization (Pharoah and Appel, 1995; Brög and Erl, 1996). If there is nothing new in the question regarding the interaction between spatial organization and transport, the ideas underlining this concern and the purposes of public policies have deeply evolved over the centuries, particularly as relates to urban planning. In short, we have moved from a concept of "car-shaped cities" to an approach to urban design where guidelines derive from "urbanity" values and the sharing of public spaces. How have local authorities translated the requirements and objectives of national laws? And how have they accounted for the evolution of these global objectives and the increasingly complex issue of coordinating urban development and transportation? What factors explain innovation and continuity in the relationship between land-use planning and transport policies? In this study we focused on the question of political change by comparing the "trajectories" of four urban areas: Geneva and Bern in Switzerland and Strasbourg and Bordeaux in France. Many empirical studies in political analysis have emphasized the importance of the long-term in identifying elements of continuity in political processes, assessing the reality of change, and stressing the interplay between national and local authorities (Fontaine and Hassenteufel, 2002; Kay, 2005). In this work, we have described the "policy paths" of the four aforementioned urban areas since the end of the 1960's by focusing on the contents of master plans, the principal technical solutions and projects that have been implemented, and the means of inter-sectorial coordination used. To do so, we have done a detailed analysis of numerous documents (laws, plans, technical studies, political documents, etc.) as well as semi-directive interviews with local actors. For each case, factors of change or inertia have been identified by focusing on three main variables that are often studied alternatively in public policy analysis: ideas, institutions and interests, or the "Three I's" as termed by Palier and Surel (2005). This paper presents the main results that emerged from a comparative analysis of these local dynamics. In exploring this first dimension, we have brought into question the influence of ideas, values, and standards on public policy and in the problem of the formulation or choice of solutions. We have shown, for instance, that urban or ecological values do explain differences in the ways of coordinating transport and land-use policies in Switzerland and in France; furthermore, this influence varies between cities based on geographical and "cultural" variables. We then focused on the role of the institutions (i.e. formal organizations) that regulate and structure local political systems. Our empirical observations led us to give less importance to the influence of institutional reform as a means of achieving more integrated policies: although institutions do influence political choices and explain differences among the four cities, we maintain that changing local institutions alone is not in itself an effective means of changing policies. The last variable concerns the interests of actors involved in political processes, as well as their strategic negotiations and interactions. We found that coordination between transport and land-use planning results from conflicts between areabased and reticular approaches to territorial development. Furthermore, we underline the role of economic factors in the negotiations between city centres and the suburbs, specifically in the context of cross-border urban areas (Strasbourg and Geneva).
