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Abstract
This paper reconsiders the classic relationship between trade and economic development. We examine the short-term and long-run dynamics between trade and income for 167 countries over the period 1970–2011 and assume that the effect is not homogenous for all countries but rather varies according to the development stage and the degree of trade openness. We apply panel cointegration, Granger causality and panel error correction in combination with Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares and General Method of Moments estimation to explore the causal relationship between these two variables. The results suggest a statistically significant positive short-run and long-run global relationship between trade and income. However, when splitting the panel into different income and trade openness groups, a long-run relationship is observed only for high-income countries and countries with a relatively high degree of trade openness.

Die Umsetzung von Prozessketten zur automatisierten Fertigung von 3D-Preforms im industriell etablierten Stempelumformverfahren ist aufgrund hoher Investitionskosten für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen bisher nicht wirtschaftlich tragbar. Die neuentwickelte Prozesskette wirkt dem entgegen und verspricht, komplexe 3D-Preforms bei geringer Prozesszeit sowohl textil- als auch lastgerecht herzustellen und dabei Ausschussquoten aufgrund von Drapierfehlern sowie den Verschnitt zu senken.
 
Implementing process chains for the automated manufacturing of 3D textile preforms based on the established industrial stamp forming technology is not economical for small- and medium-sized enterprises due to high investment costs for small batch sizes and variable geometries. The new process chain counteracts by manufacturing complex 3D preforms at low processing times, both textile- and load-conform, while reducing scrap rates from draping errors and offcut.