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The study explores the novice teachers' competencies in integrating education technology in lesson preparation. The paper is anchored in the professional standards for teachers, specifically, domains that focus on the positive use of ICT. The study utilized an explanatory research design. The selected one hundred thirty-two novice teachers answered the online survey questionnaire introduced using Google forms and ten (10) participants for an online interview through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using Blended Teaching Readiness survey questionnaire and semi-structured questionnaire, respectively. Analysis of data progressed through SPSS statistical software and thematic coding. The study reveals that the self-evaluation of novice teachers on their abilities is very competent. Qualitative data exposed the different struggles in teacher preparations in instructional methodologies. Hence, novice teachers must undergo additional professional development to enhance their competencies in designing online learning. Teacher education institutions must intensify in equipping teachers with knowledge on integrating technology in lesson preparations. The government must provide resources for the teachers that will help them prepare instructional materials such as ICT rooms, technicians for technical support, laptops, and internet connectivity. Enough time will also help teachers to design better instructional materials for their class. The current situation of the education system of our country needs a more significant push and optimistic view that we will be able to make progressive change. Teachers should think of personal initiative, welcome the possible ways to enhance the current system, and become part of reforms to help our country uplift and face challenges and endeavors.

Kasus hipertensi di Sulawesi Utara meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Kabupaten Minahasa termasuk dari wilayah di Sulawesi Utara dengan prevalensi hipertensi. > 40%. Puskemas Tateli yang merupakan salah satu Puskesmas di Kabupaten Minahasa, dimana pada tahun 2014 kejadian hipertensi menepati urutan kedua dengan angka kejadian 669 kasus. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap dengan kejadian hipertensi pada masyarakat di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tateli Kabupaten Minahasa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tateli pada bulan Januari tahun 2016. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah penduduk di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tateli Kecamatan Pineleng jumlah 669 orang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin sebanyak 90 Pasien. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat. Analisis statistik menggunakan Chi Square pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (ὰ=0,05). Analisis hubungan antara pengetahuan masyarakat dengan kejadian hipertensi diperoleh p value = 0,000, dan analisis hubungan antara sikap dengan kejadian hipertensi diperoleh p value = 0,003.Kata Kunci : Pengetahuan, Sikap, Kejadian Hipertensi, Hipertensi TateliABSTRACTHypertension cases in North Sulawesi increase from year to year. Minahasa Regency is included in the region in North Sulawesi with the prevalence of hypertension. > 40%. Tateli Puskemas which is one of the Puskesmas in the Minahasa District, where in 2014 the incidence of hypertension kept the second order with an incidence of 669 cases. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes with the incidence of hypertension in the community in the working area of the Tateli Health Center in Minahasa Regency. This research is an survey analytic study with a cross sectional approach. This research was dilaksanakan out in the Tateli Community Health Center working area in January 2016. The population in this study were patients who settled in Tateli village, Pineleng sub-district with the number 669 people. Sampling was using the Slovin formula as many as 90 patients. Data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. Statistical analysis using Chi Square at a 95% confidence level (ὰ = 0.05). Analysis of the relationship between community knowledge with the incidence of hypertension obtained p value = 0,000, and an analysis of the relationship between attitudes and the incidence of hypertension was obtained p value = 0.003. there is relationship between knowledge and attitudes of people with the incidence of hypertension in the working area of the Tateli Health Center districts Mandolang Minahasa Regency. for the government further improve counseling programs on hypertension, for side the Puskesmas to be able work together with other health institution how to socialize health in Tateli village. This research would be a motivation for other college student and subsequent researchers to conduct broader research.Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Hypertension, Hypertension Tateli

One of the diseases that is still priority of the world is COVID-19. The disease called pandemic since 2020 by WHO has developed to several new variants are found until November 2021 such as alpha, beta to delta variants. There is no indication for the end of this pandemic, so planning is needed until a response from the government is needed. The government's policy response has contributing to overcoming the pandemic of COVID-19. The Indonesian state, especially its government, is included in one of the countries with governments that have responded to the pandemic and issued various regulations and policies, but still experienced 2x the spike in cases until reports of public non-compliance with one of the health protocols were found. Based on this, it shows the leeway of various policies and regulations issued by the Indonesian government. This study plans to analyze new cases of confirmation with the stringency index of the government's policy response to COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. This research using observational analytical methods and cross sectional approaches has data sources originating from the ourworldindata.org website with a location in Indonesia for the period 2 March 2020 - 28 February 2022. Analysis with value ? = 0.05 using the spearman correlation test as a bivariate analysis test. The outcome of the study reveal p - value 0.000 and value r of 0.369. The conclusion is that there is a connection between the stringency of the government's policy response to COVID-19 and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia.

Aflatoxins are toxic by-products of fungi contaminating maize and other crops; they can be carried over into milk, meat and eggs when livestock eat aflatoxin-contaminated feed or fodder. People who consume such animal products are exposed to the toxins. To assess the aflatoxin contamination status in marketed raw milk and associated risk factors in peri-urban Nairobi, we conducted a census of raw milk retailers in Dagoretti Division, Nairobi, Kenya. Structured questionnaires were filled in by face-to-face interviews with all retailers who agreed to participate in this study. Small portions of milk were purchased from each respondent and tested for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) tests. Geographic coordinates of each eligible retailer were recorded. A total of 350 milk retailers were visited and 344 were plotted on a map. Of these, 250 retailers answered the questionnaire and a milk sample from each of 200 retailers underwent cELISA analysis for AFM1. Four types of businesses were found: kiosks (71%), dairy shops (21%), street or mobile vendors (3%) and grocery stands (1%); for 4% the business type was not identified. Milk was mainly sourced directly from dairy farms (59%) or from intermediate distributors (35%). Most retailers sold less than 20 litres per day of raw milk. The mean daily milk consumption of the milk retailers' households was 940 ml for adults and 729 ml for children. Although 58% of retailers had heard about aflatoxins and the majority of them agreed that aflatoxins could be present in milk, only 29% believed that "milk safety cannot be solely judged by sight or taste" and only 6% that "milk is not completely safe even after boiling". The cELISA test found the mean concentration of AFM1 was 128.7 parts per trillion (ppt) (median=49.9; 95% confidence interval=3.0–822.8) with a maximum of 1675 ppt. Overall, 55% of samples exceeded the European Union maximum level of 50 ppt and 6% exceeded the recommended maximum level of the United States Food and Drug Administration of 500 ppt. Compared to milk from street vendors, a significantly higher amount of AFM1 was detected in milk from kiosks and dairy shops, especially when the milk was sourced from farms without an intermediate distributor. Our findings indicate the need to better understand and manage aflatoxin in milk in Nairobi.

The increasing problems as well as life expectancy become a problem that needs to be considered along number of elderly is consistently over time. Elderly Health is directed to maintain and improve the health and ability to remain productive; government efforts to organize health sports of elderly in health centers in order to improve the quality of life optimally. Therefore, the purpose of this study to determine how the challenges and obstacles of Eldery Sport Health programe in Community Health Centers of Manado City.This study using qualitative methods while the informants were the head of health centers and the holder of sport health programs incommunity Health Centers of Manado City.Data collection using in-depth interviews and observational methods. This research showed only founded in four community health centers which priority to implement it, while most of others not yet implemented due to some challenging and obstacles. The conclusion in the face of challenges, health centers must prepare trained personnel comply the aspects of quantity (amount) and quality (ability), provision of funds taken from operational health support if all activity must have the fullest, facilities and infrastructure are prepared to support the implementation of sport health programs; face of barriers, community healt center should socialize with the hope of can improve knowledge of the elderly and their families in the health sport benefits, and the cooperation with community organizations in the implementation of sport healt programs can be together. Keywords: Sports Health, Elderly, Community Health Center, Challenges, Obstacles

Peningkatan jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS dari tahun ke tahun perlu memperhatikan pelaksanaan program penanggulangannya. Keterlibatan pemerintah sangat penting dilakukan mengingat belum adanya kesamaan cara pandang dalam merespons masalah HIV/AIDS, keterbatasan anggaran, belum optimalnya mekanisme koordinasi dalam perencanaan, hingga kurangnya fokus pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah untuk memprioritaskan masalah HIV/AIDS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan kebijakan program pencegahan dan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS (KPA) Kota Bitung. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh informasi yang lebih mendalam mengenai pelaksanaan kebijakan program pencegahan dan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS (KPA) Kota Bitung, dengan jumlah informan yaitu 5 orang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu wawancara mendalam dan observasi dokumen. Analisis data dengan memakai metode analisis isi (content analysis). Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan program pencegahan dan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS (KPA) Kota Bitung, untuk penguatan kemitraan, sistem kesehatan dan sistem masyarakat, peningkatan koordinasi antara para pemangku kepentingan dan mobilisasi penggunaan sumber dana di semua tingkat, pengembangan intervensi struktural, dan penerapan perencanaan, prioritas dan implementasi program berbasis data sudah berjalan dengan cukup baik.Kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan, HIV/AIDSABSTRACKThe increasing cases of HIV/AIDS from year to year need to pay attention to the implementation of the prevention program. The involvement from the government is very crucial given the lack of equal views in responding HIV/AIDS cases, budget constraints and the lack of coordination mechanism in planning, to the lack of focus from the government whether from the central or local government to prioritized HIV/AIDS issues. The purpose of this research is to determine the implementation of HIV/AIDS policies in terms of prevention and treatment programs in the commission for AIDS control or Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS (KPA) of Bitung City. The type of research used in this study is qualitative research with the aim to gain in-depth information regarding the implementation of the AIDS prevention program and treatment policies in KPA Bitung, in which there are five different research infomants namely the KPA's secretary of North Sulawesi, the KPA's secretary of Bitung city, the manager of HIV/AIDS program of Bitung city, and the counselor of PLWHA and PLHIV. Data analysis using content analysis method. Based on the results of this research that has been done, it could be concl.uded that in the implementation of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment policies in the Commission for AIDS Control or KPA in the city of Bitung, to improving the partnerships, the health and community systems and to enhanced the coordination between the stakeholders and mobilizing the use of funds in every level, the development of structural interventions, and the implementation of the data-based planning, the prioritization and implementation of programs is working well enough.Keywords: Policy, Prevention and Control, HIV/AIDS

Background: This study was conducted to determine the effects of physico-chemical parameters of soils in environments used for open defecation on the abundance of geohelminths in Emohua, Rivers State, South South, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 720 soil samples were collected randomly from soils found in fallowing farmlands used for open defaecation and around pit toilet environments in Mgbuitanwo, Isiodu, and Rumuche Communities in Emohua local Government Area of Rivers State. Two hundred and forty samples were collected randomly from each of the communities between the months of January- June 2013 and 2014 respectively. The samples were analysed for temperature, pH, and organic content and Centrifugal flotation method was used to examine the samples for geohelminths. Results: Evaluation after two variations gave an average of 198(55%) of the soil samples as positive for geohelminths as follows; 16(4.4%), 131(36.3%) and 51(14.1%) for clayey, loamy and sandy soils respectively. This was statistically significant (p<.05). Results also showed soil temperature mean 27.2°C ± 5.2 S.D, soil pH mean 6.3 ± 2.5 S.D and soil organic matter mean 12.7% ± 3.6 S.D, clay soil mean 16 ± 4 S.D, loam soil mean 115.5 ± 10.7 S.D and sandy soil mean 47.5 ± 6.9. The geohelminths recovered from the samples were 293 as follows; Clayey: 25(8.5%), Loamy: 189(64.5%) and Sandy: 76(26%). Ascaris lumbricoides 92(31.4%), Trichuris spp. 55(19.5%), Ancylostoma duodenale 38(12.9%), Strongyloidies spp. 12(4%), Entrobius spp. 10(3.4%), Trichostrongylus spp. 5(1.6%), Schistosoma mansoni 2(0.6%), Meloidogyne spp. 48(16.4%), Radopholus spp. 1(0.3%), Aphelencoidies spp. 1(0.3%), Bayliascaris spp. 5(1.7%), Toxocara spp. 21(7.2%) and Ancylostomacanis 2(0.6%). Conclusion: Due to the presence of human, plant and animal infecting geohelminths in the area, the Government should reintroduce sanitary inspection of our environments to check the indiscriminate and unhygienic disposal of human waste.

ABSTRACTThis article presents an alternative trajectory to policy paradigm change to that outlined by Peter A. Hall's social learning model, in which unsuccessful efforts by state officials to respond to policy failures and anomalies in the existing paradigm eventually trigger a broader, societal, political partisan debate about policy principles. From this society-wide contestation over policy goals, problems, and solutions, a new policy paradigm emerges. Drawing on the conceptual tools of policy feedback and policy networks, this article describes an alternative route to paradigm shift in which change is negotiated between state actors and group representatives. Discussions of change are largely confined to sectoral policy networks and the result is a more managed series of policy changes that culminate in a paradigm shift. This argument for a second, cumulative trajectory to paradigm shift is developed by examining agricultural policy change in three countries: the United States, Canada, and Australia.

Clean and Health Behaviour is one of the health promotion program's priorities made by the government through clinic and become a target of the health management. Tuminting includes of nine sub districts in Manado City. Because no reports are discovered about the description of Clean and Health Behavior on Residents in Region 6 Tuminting Sub-District, the writer is interested to research about this issue. This research is aimed to discover the description of CnHB of Residents on Residents in Region 6 Mahawu District, Tuminting Sub-District including: Medical Team's involve on childbirth, exclusive breastfeeding, availability of clean water, usage of clean water and soap on hand washing, availability of health latrine, larvae's eradication in houses, fruits and vegetables' daily consume, daily physical activity and not smoking inside the house. This research is a descriptive research with 81 respondents. The data are collected by interview based on questionnaire and presented by using tabulation and percentage. The research shows a great result of CnHB on Residents in Region 6 Mahawu District, Tuminting Sub-District. Around 67% represents good knowledge and 33% for bad knowledge, 75% represents good attitude and 25% for bad attitude, 54% represents good behavior and 46% for bad behavior.Keywords: socioeconomic status, nutritional status. Keywords: Clean and Health Behaviour, Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour

Implemented in 2007, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) otherwise known as the Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCT) is a flagship economic and social reform of the Philippine government in order to reduce poverty particularly in the areas of education, healthcare, and the economy as a whole. The emergence of the pandemic interested the researchers in examining the implementation of such a programamong its beneficiaries using trend analysis (2015-2021). From 17 regions in the Philippines, the researchers used cluster sampling and took the National Capital Regional (NCR) as an area of interest. The aggregated data from the National Capital Region (NCR) was chosen and used in this study. Results of the study show an erratic trend on the number of 4Ps beneficiaries in the National Capital Region and when disaggregated by years, sex, provinces, and age group.The NCR 2nd and 3rd Districts have the highest number of 4Ps beneficiaries representing NCR, with 30%-31%, while the lowest provinces which are 1st and 4th districts range from 19%-20%. In terms of sex, 93% are female beneficiaries while 7% are male ones from 2015-2018 only because starting 2019 to 2021, the proportion of both sexes became stable and stays with 90% for female grantees and 10% for male grantees. The age group with the least grantee is 18 years old and below, which equates to around 1-2% per year. Further, a "high level" of health compliance among the child monitored 4Ps beneficiaries was observed in 2015 (90%), 2018 (91%), 2019 (93%), and 2020 (97%). It was then concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic had not affected the number of child and adult 4Ps beneficiaries. Interestingly, under 5 mortality rates have significantly reduced from 2015 to the 1st quarter of 2021.