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Discusses the results of an experiment in which a negative television campaign advertisement was manipulated to control for the candidate's gender, issue content, and the character traits emphasized in the narration; US.

The project purpose was to develop and promote efficient and effective crop marketing and credit systems. It focused on the use of credit to improve access by resource-poor farmers to productivity-enhancing purchased farm inputs. Two cotton input credit schemes were studied in detail, both still in a state of evolution and development. Each has coverage far in excess of any other formal sources of credit available to smallholders (60,000 farmers in Zimbabwe and 300,000 farmers in Uganda). They are particularly interesting, moreover, because both are private sector initiatives, and the Uganda example has especially strong poverty focus.

"In this book, Ann Gordon and Kai Hamilton Gentry expertly illuminate how the public has a role to play in ensuring its own security. Recent terror attacks and mass shootings in the United States have added urgency to the need for research on terrorism, the public's understanding of the precursors of terrorism and public preparedness for mass shootings and acts of terror. Unfortunately, most Americans do not understand what constitutes suspicious behavior or how to report it. Even more alarmingly, the public does not know what to do in the event of terrorist attack or mass casualty incident. Drawing on five years of the Chapman Survey of American Fears (CSAF), a nationally representative survey, and real-world events, Homeland InSecurity offers actionable solutions on how to educate the public to overcome fear and play an active role securing schools, public venues and the homeland itself. The book addresses proposals by survivors and victims' families to reduce violence through campaigns to deny shooters the notoriety they seek and reduce access to guns. It also explores the rise of activism among survivors of school shootings and their quest to educate the public and end school shootings. Homeland InSecurity will be essential for scholars, students, and policy makers"--

How can traditional fishing communities in India improve their fish marketing and processing practices to earn higher incomes? Can they adopt any new practices or initiatives, learning from past experiences and success stories in India or neighbouring Sri Lanka? What are the issues that need to be addressed? These questions were discussed at a workshop held in Chennai, India, on 18-19 March, 1997. As preparation for the workshop, a number of studies had been carried out by various organizations in India. These were funded by the Post-Harvest Fisheries Research Programme of the Renewable Natural Resources Research Strategy of the UK's Department for International Development (DFID). The project was managed by the UK's Natural Resources Institute (NRI). The workshop discussed preliminary conclusions from these studies, also the related experiences of some other organizations in India and Sri Lanka. It was attended by representatives of NGOs and fishing community organizations, government bodies, development agencies and research institutes as well as by private traders and market researchers. This document reports on the workshop's proceedings, the technical papers presented, and the discussions they led to. It also presents the findings of three Working Groups of workshop participants that discussed (a) fish marketing issues and their implications for fishing communities in South India; (b) dried fish processing and marketing on India's east coast; and (c) actions government organizations must take with respect to strategic policy and research issues on fish marketing. It is hoped that this workshop report will lead to wider awareness of the case studies and issues discussed at the workshop, and to informed debate and discussion on them. And more importantly, to new and successful initiatives, and more widespread use of currently successful initiatives, concerning marketing and handling activities by traditional fishing communities.

This publication concerns developing countries and agricultural trade. It aims to provide guidance on ways to make trade policy more pro-poor. It addresses four key questions: Does international trade liberalization in agriculture benefit poor countries? Does liberalized trade stimulate growth in the agricultural sector, and what are the developmental impacts – on poverty, livelihoods, gender, and the environment? Is there coherence between European Union (EU) trade and development policies? How can developing countries be more effectively integrated into the world economy, participate more fully in trade, and how could the results benefit the poor?

Female candidates sometimes are discouraged from negative campaigning because they would risk voter backlash by defying gender stereotypes. In this experiment, a negative television campaign advertisement was manipulated to control for the candidate's gender, issue content, and the character traits emphasized in the narration. The female candidate's support was not diminished because of the attack upon her opponent. The findings show that in low-information contests, female candidates are assumed to be weaker on "male" issues. However, when the female candidate used a "male" issue as the basis of an attack upon her male opponent, she was judged more competent on the issue. This suggests that negative advertising could be an effective tool to neutralize the disadvantages caused by gender stereotypes.

This publication is based on briefing material commissioned for the European Union (EU). The EU briefing papers have sub-Saharan Africa as their primary focus, though case study material may also be drawn from Caribbean and Pacific country experience. The information they contain is based principally on a review of secondary data and documentation, although some specific aspects have been explored through short, focused field studies. The publication is divided into three sections: this introductory section provides an overview of urbanization in developing regions, and introduces key issues of migration, employment, the areas of interface with the agriculture and the rural economy, and the nature of urban poverty; the second section focuses on the details of how poor people in urban areas use natural resources, and how natural resources affect their livelihoods and well-being; and the last section builds on the analysis of the nature of urban poverty, and its interaction with natural resources, to propose appropriate pro-poor policies and direct intervention, taking into account the importance of natural resources to the urban poor.