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"The close connection between time and politics is central to many political debates. Turbulence, emergencies, and crisis politics have led to criticism about the marginalization of deliberative institutions, notably parliaments, as time pressures appear to have concentrated decision-making in small circles. Non-majoritarian institutions that do not follow electoral rhythms, such as central banks, are said to have gained in power. Some observers fear that democracy is being "timed out". By contrast, many analysts of public policy criticize democracy for its electoral time horizons. The Oxford Handbook on Time and Politics is the first major publication that surveys time-centered research in political science across its sub-disciplines. As such, it integrates and consolidates an emergent body of knowledge, but also aims to inspire future scholarship. The Handbook highlights that paying systematic attention to time in political analysis yields questions and insights that are of relevance to a very broad range of political scientists working within different theoretical, methodological, and epistemological traditions. The Handbook covers comparative politics and government; public policy; international relations; and political theory and is written by authors drawn from more than a dozen countries, making it a critical resource for scholars and students across a broad spectrum of the discipline of political science"--

"The close connection between time and politics is central to many political debates. Turbulence, emergencies, and crisis politics have led to criticism about the marginalization of deliberative institutions, notably parliaments, as time pressures appear to have concentrated decision-making in small circles. Non-majoritarian institutions that do not follow electoral rhythms, such as central banks, are said to have gained in power. Some observers fear that democracy is being "timed out". By contrast, many analysts of public policy criticize democracy for its electoral time horizons. The Oxford Handbook on Time and Politics is the first major publication that surveys time-centered research in political science across its sub-disciplines. As such, it integrates and consolidates an emergent body of knowledge, but also aims to inspire future scholarship. The Handbook highlights that paying systematic attention to time in political analysis yields questions and insights that are of relevance to a very broad range of political scientists working within different theoretical, methodological, and epistemological traditions. The Handbook covers comparative politics and government; public policy; international relations; and political theory and is written by authors drawn from more than a dozen countries, making it a critical resource for scholars and students across a broad spectrum of the discipline of political science"--

This article reviews the by now extensive literature on the Europeanisation of the political systems of the EU-15, with an emphasis on parliaments and executives (i.e., governments and ministerial administrations). The Living Review highlights apparently contradictory effects of integration: de-parlamentarisation vs. re-parlamentarisation; bureaucratisation vs. politicisation; and centralisation vs. diffusion. These diverging assessments of the effects of integration do, in part, reflect diversity in the EU-15; in part, they are, however, also a result of differences in the specification of variables, research designs and theoretical approaches. Work that inquires into patterns of Europeanisation across institutional domains, countries, regions and time and which seeks to tackle the 'methodological nationalism' of the Europeanisation literature promises a clearer picture of the institutional consequences of European integration than we possess at present.

Les principales études récentes portant sur la Commission européenne indiquent que la politisation et la centralisation grandissantes sont des tendances importantes qui transforment son organisation. Dans le présent article, nous analysons le rôle qu'ont joué dans cette évolution les règles et les pratiques temporelles qui structurent le fonctionnement de la Commission. Dans notre article, nous observons un message temporel bien présent en filigrane en ce qui concerne la politisation et la centralisation. Ce message s'observe lorsque l'on examine deux relations essentielles sensibles au facteur temps : entre le niveau politique (le Collège des commissaires) et le niveau administratif, et entre les unités de coordination centrale (notamment le secrétariat général) et les unités fonctionnelles. Le réglage de l'heure politique, le suivi et l'exécution ont gagné en importance, réduisant la latitude temporelle de l'administration, les « gardiens du temps » au niveau central ont acquis des compétences plus larges, et les avantages bureaucratiques traditionnels dans les budgets temps et les horizons temporels se sont réduits.

Major recent studies of the European Commission have emphasised the growing politicisation and centralisation as important trends transforming its organisation. The present article analyses the role that time rules and temporal practices that structure the operation of the Commission have played in these trends. It finds a clear temporal subtext to politicisation and centralisation. This becomes evident when one examines two key time-sensitive relationships: between the political level – the College of Commissioners – and the administrative level; and between central coordination units – notably the Secretariat-General – and line units. Political time-setting, monitoring and enforcement have assumed greater prominence, reducing the temporal discretion of the administration; central 'keepers of the clock' have acquired greater power; and traditional bureaucratic advantages in time budgets and time horizons have diminished.