Human activities have profoundly altered the global nutrient cycle through Land Use and Cover Changes (LUCCs) since the industrial revolution and especially during the Great Acceleration (1950 CE). Yet, the impact of such activities on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems above their ecological baselines are not well known, especially when considering the response of these systems to the intensity of LUCCs on nutrient cycles. Here, we used a multiproxy approach (sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic analyses, historical records, climate data, and satellite images) to evaluate the role that LUCCs have on Nitrogen (N) cycling in a coastal mediterranean watershed system of central Chile over the last two centuries. Despite long-term anthropogenic use (agriculture, cattle grazing) in the Matanzas watershed– lake system, these LUCC appear to have had little impact on nutrient and organic matter transfer since the Spanish Colonial period. In contrast, the largest changes in N dynamics occurred in the mid-1970s, driven by the replacement of native forests and grasslands by government-subsidized tree plantations of introduced Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus). These LUCC had major impacts on the transfer of organic matter (which increased by 9.4%) and nutrients (as revealed by an increase in total N) to Laguna Matanzas. Our study shows that the presence of anthropogenic land use/cover changes do not necessarily alter nutrient supply and N availability per se but rather it is the magnitude and intensity of such changes that produce major impact on these processes in these mediterranean watersheds.
13 pages, 2 tables, 7 figures.-- This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ; Human activities have profoundly altered the global nutrient cycle through Land Use and Cover Changes (LUCCs) since the industrial revolution and especially during the Great Acceleration (1950 CE). Yet, the impact of such activities on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems above their ecological baselines are not well known, especially when considering the response of these systems to the intensity of LUCCs on nutrient cycles. Here, we used a multiproxy approach (sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic analyses, historical records, climate data, and satellite images) to evaluate the role that LUCCs have on Nitrogen (N) cycling in a coastal mediterranean watershed system of central Chile over the last two centuries. Despite long-term anthropogenic use (agriculture, cattle grazing) in the Matanzas watershed– lake system, these LUCC appear to have had little impact on nutrient and organic matter transfer since the Spanish Colonial period. In contrast, the largest changes in N dynamics occurred in the mid-1970s, driven by the replacement of native forests and grasslands by government-subsidized tree plantations of introduced Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus). These LUCC had major impacts on the transfer of organic matter (which increased by 9.4%) and nutrients (as revealed by an increase in total N) to Laguna Matanzas. Our study shows that the presence of anthropogenic land use/cover changes do not necessarily alter nutrient supply and N availability per se but rather it is the magnitude and intensity of such changes that produce major impact on these processes in these mediterranean watersheds ; This research was funded by grants CONICYT PIA AFB170008 to the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB) and FONDECYT grant 1191568 (to C.L.); Doctoral grant Becas Chile 21150224; MEDLANT (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, grant CGL2016-76215-R). Additional funding was provided by the Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal PUC-CSIC) ; Peer reviewed
Human activities have profoundly altered the global nutrient cycle through Land Use and Cover Changes (LUCCs) since the industrial revolution and especially during the Great Acceleration (1950 CE). Yet, the impact of such activities on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems above their ecological baselines are not well known, especially when considering the response of these systems to the intensity of LUCCs on nutrient cycles. Here, we used a multiproxy approach (sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic analyses, historical records, climate data, and satellite images) to evaluate the role that LUCCs have on Nitrogen (N) cycling in a coastal mediterranean watershed system of central Chile over the last two centuries. Despite long-term anthropogenic use (agriculture, cattle grazing) in the Matanzas watershed– lake system, these LUCC appear to have had little impact on nutrient and organic matter transfer since the Spanish Colonial period. In contrast, the largest changes in N dynamics occurred in the mid-1970s, driven by the replacement of native forests and grasslands by government-subsidized tree plantations of introduced Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus). These LUCC had major impacts on the transfer of organic matter (which increased by 9.4%) and nutrients (as revealed by an increase in total N) to Laguna Matanzas. Our study shows that the presence of anthropogenic land use/cover changes do not necessarily alter nutrient supply and N availability per se but rather it is the magnitude and intensity of such changes that produce major impact on these processes in these mediterranean watersheds.
Human activities have profoundly altered the global nutrient cycle through Land Use and Cover Changes (LUCCs) since the industrial revolution and especially during the Great Acceleration (1950 CE). Yet, the impact of such activities on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems above their ecological baselines are not well known, especially when considering the response of these systems to the intensity of LUCCs on nutrient cycles. Here, we used a multiproxy approach (sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic analyses, historical records, climate data, and satellite images) to evaluate the role that LUCCs have on Nitrogen (N) cycling in a coastal mediterranean watershed system of central Chile over the last two centuries. Despite long-term anthropogenic use (agriculture, cattle grazing) in the Matanzas watershed- lake system, these LUCC appear to have had little impact on nutrient and organic matter transfer since the Spanish Colonial period. In contrast, the largest changes in N dynamics occurred in the mid-1970s, driven by the replacement of native forests and grasslands by government-subsidized tree plantations of introduced Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus). These LUCC had major impacts on the transfer of organic matter (which increased by 9.4%) and nutrients (as revealed by an increase in total N) to Laguna Matanzas. Our study shows that the presence of anthropogenic land use/cover changes do not necessarily alter nutrient supply and N availability per se but rather it is the magnitude and intensity of such changes that produce major impact on these processes in these mediterranean watersheds. ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) PIA AFB170008 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1191568 Doctoral grant Becas Chile 21150224 MEDLANT (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) CGL2016-76215-R Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal PUC-CSIC)
Human activities have profoundly altered the global nutrient cycle through Land Use and Cover Changes (LUCCs) since the industrial revolution and especially during the Great Acceleration (1950 CE). Yet, the impact of such activities on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems above their ecological baselines are not well known, especially when considering the response of these systems to the intensity of LUCCs on nutrient cycles. Here, we used a multiproxy approach (sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic analyses, historical records, climate data, and satellite images) to evaluate the role that LUCCs have on Nitrogen (N) cycling in a coastal mediterranean watershed system of central Chile over the last two centuries. Despite long-term anthropogenic use (agriculture, cattle grazing) in the Matanzas watershed– lake system, these LUCC appear to have had little impact on nutrient and organic matter transfer since the Spanish Colonial period. In contrast, the largest changes in N dynamics occurred in the mid-1970s, driven by the replacement of native forests and grasslands by government-subsidized tree plantations of introduced Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus). These LUCC had major impacts on the transfer of organic matter (which increased by 9.4%) and nutrients (as revealed by an increase in total N) to Laguna Matanzas. Our study shows that the presence of anthropogenic land use/cover changes do not necessarily alter nutrient supply and N availability per se but rather it is the magnitude and intensity of such changes that produce major impact on these processes in these mediterranean watersheds. ; This research was funded by grants CONICYT PIA AFB170008 to the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB) and FONDECYT grant 1191568 (to C.L.); Doctoral grant Becas Chile 21150224; MEDLANT (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, grant CGL2016-76215-R). Additional funding was provided by the Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal PUC-CSIC). ; Peer reviewed
Land degradation and soil erosion are key environmental problems in Mediterranean mountains characterized by a long history of human occupation and a strong variability of hydrological regimes. To assess recent trends and evaluate climatic and anthropogenic impacts in these highly human modified watersheds we apply an historical approach combining lake sediment core multi-proxy analyses and reconstructions of past land uses to El Tobar Lake watershed, located in the Iberian Range (Central Spain). Four main periods of increased sediment delivery have been identified in the 8 m long sediment sequence by their depositional and geochemical signatures. They took place around 16th, late 18th, mid 19th and early 20th centuries as a result of large land uses changes such as forest clearing, farming and grazing during periods of increasing population. In this highly human-modified watershed, positive synergies between human impact and humid periods led to increased sediment delivery periods. During the last millennium, the lake depositional and geochemical cycles recovered quickly after each sediment delivery event, showing strong resilience of the lacustrine system to watershed disturbance. Recent changes are characterized by large hydrological affections since 1967 with the construction of a canal from a nearby reservoir and a decreased in anthropic pressure in the watershed as rural areas were abandoned. The increased fresh water influx to the lake has caused large biological changes, leading to stronger meromictic conditions and higher organic matter accumulation while terrigenous inputs have decreased. Degradation processes in Iberian Range watersheds are strongly controlled by anthropic activities (land use changes, soil erosion) but modulated by climate-related hydrological changes (water availability, flood and runoff frequency). ; We want to thank D. Schnurenberger, A. Norens and M. Shapley (Limnological Research Center) for the 2004 field expedition to collect the cores, and the Regional Government (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla–La Mancha) for logistic support. Initial Core Descriptions were performed at the CoreLab (University of Minnesota). F. Burjachs kindly provided pollen data from Lake La Cruz sequence and P. González-Sampériz helped with vegetation dynamics interpretations. S. Vicente nicely provided and elaborated the data from the weather stations. A. Navas and T. Lopez provided quickly the last-minute grain-size analysis.We also thank the numerous colleagues involved in the field campaigns to recover the cores, the LRC,LLO and the University of Pittsburgh staff, and IPE-CSIC laboratory services. Authors would also like to acknowledge the helpful comments made by reviewers. This research has been supported by the GLOBALKARST (CGL2009-08415) and GRACCIE — ConsoliderCSD2007-00067 projects funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and by the I-LINK programme(I-LINK0510) funded by the CSIC. F. Barreiro and M. Morellón hold 'JAE-PreDoc' and 'JAE-Doc' pre and postdoctoral contracts respectively, both co-funded by C.S.I.C. and the European Social Fund. ; Peer reviewed
Lake Arreo sequence (western Ebro Basin, Spain) illustrates the century-scale climatic variability and human interactions in the landscape during the last 2.5 kyr in the low lands of northern Spain. Two sediment cores from shallow-water and deep-water environments were analyzed using sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical, biological ¿ diatoms, pollen and charcoal content ¿ and radiometric techniques for absolute dating. The shallow-water sequence indicates a rapid evolution from an alluvial-influenced wetland prior to 7th century BC to a wetland during the Ibero-Roman Humid Period (BC 630¿AD 465) and a deeper, carbonate producing lake during the Dark Ages Cold Period (AD 465¿890). The deep-water core shows the transition from a more saline lake during the arid Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, AD 890¿1300) to less saline, meromictic conditions, particularly since the onset of the Little Ice Age (LIA, AD 1300¿1870). During the last 2.5 kyr, arid conditions occurred prior to 1st century AD, during the MCA and late 19th¿mid 20th century while colder temperatures and relatively more humid conditions were more frequent during the Dark Ages, particularly the 7th century AD and the LIA. The evolution of the lake also reflects changes in grazing and agricultural practices since the Roman Period associated to the exploitation of nearby salt mining. Periods of intense human pressure on the lake watershed occurred during the High Middle Ages (AD 890¿1180) and the Modern Period (AD 1600¿1830). ; Financial support for this research was provided by the Spanish Inter-Ministry of Science and Technology (CICYT), through the projects LIMNOCLIBER (REN2003-09130-C02-02), IBERLIMNO (CGL2005-20236-E/CLI), LIMNOCAL (CGL2006-13327-C04-01), GLOBALKARST (CGL2009-08415) and GRACCIE (CSD2007-00067). Additional funding was provided by the Aragonese Regional Government–Caja Inmaculada, with a travel grant to GFZ (Potsdam). Provincial Council of Alava and the Basque Water Agency provided institutional permits for fieldwork. We acknowledge Sebastián Perez, Penélope González-Sampériz and Prof. Herb Wright for their valuable comments on the manuscript. ; Peer Reviewed
61 páginas, 9 figuras, 3 tablas.-- El PDF del artículo es su versión post-print. ; Sediments in lakes in the Andean volcanic setting are often made up of diatomaceous ooze together with volcaniclastics and small amounts of carbonates. Despite their scarcity, carbonates along with organic matter provide significant paleoenvironmental information about lake systems. This study focuses on the carbonates in Lake Chungará, their morphologies, distribution and origin deduced from the isotopic markers. These markers reflected changes in the water and the biomass between the onset of the Holocene and around 9.6 cal kyr BP. These changes are marked by general increases in TOC, TN, and TN-δ15NAIR, and by fluctuating values of TOC-δ13CVPDB in its sediments and are probably related to major shifts in the lake surface/volume associated with rises in lake level. An increase in salinity around 10 cal kyr BP is thought to be linked to a short dry period, giving rise to the onset of carbonate production. The mid-Holocene arid period between 7.3 and 3.5 cal ka BP, with a maximum of aridity around 6.0 cal kyr BP, was deduced from δ18OVPDB values in the endogenic carbonates. These results match the reconstructions in Lake Titicaca based on benthic diatoms and paleoshore levels. Offshore sediments mainly consist of a diatomaceous ooze, laminated in the lower half (Unit 1), and banded-massive with tephra layers in the upper half of the sequence (Unit 2). TOC-δ13CVPDB and the C/N ratio confirm that phytoplankton was the main source of organic matter in these sediments. Shallower sediments (Units 3 to 5) developed in platform and littoral settings, providing evidence of subaqueous macrophytes and, to a lesser extent, land plants. Carbonate content ranges between 0.1 and 6 wt % in offshore settings (30 to 40 m water-depth) and reaches the maximum values in the lower part of Unit 2. Carbonate minerals (low magnesium calcite and minor amounts of high magnesium calcite and aragonite) are scarce and are arranged in mm-thick layers, commonly forming cm-thick levels or bioclasts. Carbonate layers are made up of euhedral-to-subhedral spindle-shaped calcite crystals and, to a lesser extent, aragonite needles, all in the μm range. Aragonite spheroids coexist in littoral sediments with other carbonate shapes and charophyte remains, where carbonate reaches locally up to 20 wt%. CO2 photosynthetic depletions related to seasonal phytoplankton blooms were responsible for the high frequency deposition of mm-thick carbonate layers. The average values for δ13CVPDB in lake water, plankton and sediments of Lake Chungará (as organic matter or as carbonate) are around 15 ‰ higher than commonly reported values in other lakes. This 13C enrichment is attributed to carbon assimilation from a DIC affected by methanogenesis, in which HCO3- is the dominant species. The δ13CVPDB and δ18OVPDB variations and their covariation in endogenic carbonates suggest that lake water volume and lake level increased along the Holocene. ; This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education through the projects: ANDESTER (BTE2001-3225), LAVOLTER (CGL2004-00683/BTE) and GEOBILA (CGL2007, 60932/BTE), and by the Catalan Autonomous Government through the 2009SGR1451 project. A. Moreno also acknowledges the funding from the Marie Curie fellowship, OIF proposal 021673. ; Peer reviewed
Deception Island (South Shetland Islands) is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica, with more than 20 explosive eruptive events registered over the past centuries. Recent eruptions (1967, 1969, and 1970) and volcanic unrest episodes (1992, 1999, and 2014–2015) demonstrate that volcanic activity is likely occurring in the future. This is of special concern for scientists, logistic personnel, and tourists, since the South Shetland Islands are an important tourist destination and host numerous year-round and seasonal scientific stations and base camps. Significant efforts have been made to understand the complex magmatic and volcanic evolution of Deception Island with special interest on its subaerial part. However, studies on submerged volcanic cones within Port Foster, the sea-flooded part of Deception Island's caldera depression, are comparatively scarce. Here, we provide a full characterization of Stanley Patch volcano, the largest of these volcanic edifices. Estimated morphometric parameters based on new multibeam bathymetric data, supported by petrographic and chemical observations from rock samples collected on the crater rim, reveal that Stanley Patch volcano grew in a subaerial environment. This result, combined with previous findings and new sedimentological evidence from our ultra-high resolution seismic profiles, allow to further detail the island's geologic evolution since the caldera collapse. We conclude that the complete flooding of Port Foster could have only occurred after the formation of Stanley Patch volcano, i.e. during the last ~2000 years, and in a time period of a few days or less. ; This research was supported by the Spanish Government RECALDEC (CTM2009-05919-E/ANT), PEVOLDEC (CTM2011-13578-E/ANT), POSVOLDEC (CTM2016-79617-P)(AEI/FEDER, UE), VOLGASDEC (PGC2018-095693-B-I00), USAL-2019 project (Programa Propio - mod. 1B) and the GALIEO-IHM Program. A.G. is grateful for her Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC-2012-11024), and A.M.A-V for the grant under the "JSPS invitation fellowship" program (S18113). D.P. is grateful for his Beatriu de Pinós (2016 BP 00086) and Juan de la Cierva (IJCI-2016-30482) contracts. We thank all the military staff of the Spanish Antarctic Base "Gabriel de Castilla", BIO Hespérides oceanographic cruise and the Marine Hydrographic Institute, for their constant help and logistic support. This research is part of POLARCSIC and PTI VOLCAN activities. English editing by Grant George Buffett (www.terranova.barcelona). We thank the Editor, J.L. Macías, and both reviewers A. Di Roberto and P. Nomikou for their constructive comments that have allowed improving a previous version of this manuscript. ; This work acknowledges the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) to ICM-CSIC ; Peer reviewed
Facing current climate and environmental crises needs long-term series of Earth Dynamics and anthropogenic pressures on the Planet. Numerous geological, chemical and biological natural archives capture large-scale, multi-temporal, abrupt, and often irreversible shifts in environmental and climate systems, providing an opportunity to better understand and therefore predict potential future impacts of the present anthropogenic warming and Humankind impact on the Planet. By providing robust, reliable, quantitative, detailed, high-resolution and long paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data series, paleoclimatology and paleoenvironmental research place present climate variability and ecological crises in a long-term perspective to understand climate forcing mechanisms and environmental processes and responses. The success of science-based solutions to the global risks in the 21st century will strongly rely on our capacity to transfer this knowledge to politicians, managers, and society. ; Peer reviewed
Modes of climate variability affect global and regional climates on different spatio-temporal scales, and they have important impacts on human activities and ecosystems. As these modes are a useful tool for simplifying the understanding of the climate system, it is crucial that we gain improved knowledge of their long-term past evolution and interactions over time to contextualise their present and future behaviour. We review the literature focused on proxy-based reconstructions of modes of climate variability during the Holocene (i.e., the last 11.7 thousand years) with a special emphasis on i) proxy-based reconstruction methods; ii) available proxy-based reconstructions of the main modes of variability, i.e., El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Variability, Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Southern Annular Mode and the Indian Ocean Dipole; iii) major interactions between these modes; and iv) external forcing mechanisms related to the evolution of these modes. This review shows that modes of variability can be reconstructed using proxy-based records from a wide range of natural archives, but these reconstructions are scarce beyond the last millennium, partly due to the lack of robust chronologies with reduced dating uncertainties, technical issues related to proxy calibration, and difficulty elucidating their stationary impact (or not) on regional climates over time. While for each mode the available reconstructions tend to agree at mutidecadal timescales, they show notable disagreement on shorter timescales beyond the instrumental period. The reviewed evidence suggests that the intrinsic variability of modes can be modulated by external forcing, such as orbital, solar, volcanic, and anthropogenic forcing. The review also highlights some modes experience higher variability over the instrumental period, which is partly ascribed to anthropogenic forcing. These features stress the paramount importance of further studying their past variations using long climate-proxy records for the progress of climate science. ; A.H. is supported by a Beatriu de Pinós –Marie Curie Cofund programme fellowship (2016 BP 00023) and HOLMODRIVE - North Atlantic Atmospheric Patterns influence on Western Iberia Climate: From the Lateglacial to the Present (PTDC/CTA-GEO/29029/2017) project funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (FCT). A.H., S.G., and S.P-R. thank the Spanish research project PaleoModes (CGL2016-75281-C2-1-R) which provided some of their financial support. E.M.-C. contribution was funded by the project PARAMOUR (30454083) from the EOS program by the F.R.SFNRS. CM-P is supported by the Royal Society (ref: DH150185). P.O. contribution has been supported by the Ramon y Cajal senior tenure programme from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. L.C-B. acknowledges support from the ERC-funded project GC2.0 (Global Change 2.0: Unlocking the past for a clearer future, grant number 694481). The Spanish PTI PolarCSIC ( https://www.polarcsic.es ) is also acknowledged for providing partial financial support to S.G. R.M. was partially supported by the Swedish Research Council (grant DNR2013-8421). A. P.'s work was supported by a Science Foundation Ireland Career Development Award (17/CDA/4695), a research centre award (12/RC/2289_P2), an investigator award (16/IA/4520), and a Marine Research Programme funded by the Irish Government, cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (Grant-Aid Agreement No. PBA/CC/18/01). A.A.S. was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. J.S. is supported by the strategic research program of Modelling the Regional and Global Earth system (MERGE) hosted by the Faculty of Science at Lund University. D.S. is supported by Blue-Action (European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Grant Number: 727852) and EUCP (European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 776613) projects as well as by the French national program LEFE/INSU with VADEMECUM project. G. X. thanks the funding from the Chinese Scholarship Council (201704910171). This study is partly based on discussions held during the joint workshop of the CLIMOVAR group and IBCC-lo2k project, Barcelona, 25–27 September 2013. PAGES and IBCC-lo2k are thanked for supporting this workshop. Finally, we also thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (author's final draft)
Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580 ; The immense advances in computer power achieved in the last decades have had a significant impact in Earth science, providing valuable research outputs that allow the simulation of complex natural processes and systems, and generating improved forecasts. The development and implementation of innovative geoscientific software is currently evolving towards a sustainable and efficient development by integrating models of different aspects of the Earth system. This will set the foundation for a future digital twin of the Earth. The codification and update of this software require great effort from research groups and therefore, it needs to be preserved for its reuse by future generations of geoscientists. Here, we report on Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository, hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC. This is an open source, multidisciplinary and multiscale collection of software and code developed to analyze different aspects of the Earth system, encompassing tools to: 1) analyze climate variability; 2) assess hazards, and 3) characterize the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth. Due to the broad range of applications of these software packages, this collection is useful not only for basic research in Earth science, but also for applied research and educational purposes, reducing the gap between the geosciences and the society. By providing each software and code with a permanent identifier (DOI), we ensure its self-sustainability and accomplish the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. Therefore, we aim for a more transparent science, transferring knowledge in an easier way to the geoscience community, and encouraging an integrated use of computational infrastructure. Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580 ; This research has been funded by the Projects EPOS IP 676564, EPOS SP 871121, SERA 730900, GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00, Spanish Government) and the Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE) under the Grant Agreement 823844. IDF was funded by a FEDER-Junta de Castilla y León Postdoctoral contract (SA0084P20). JA and M-GL are funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (IJC 2018-036074-I and IJC 2018-036826-I, respectively), funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033. AH is grateful for his Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC 2020-029253-I). Additional funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTI 2018-095594-B-I00, PGC 2018-095154-B-100) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR, 2017SGR1022). AP's work was supported by: a Science Foundation Ireland Career Development Award (17/CDA/4695); an investigator award (16/IA/4520); a Marine Research Programme funded by the Irish Government, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Grant-Aid Agreement No. PBA/CC/18/01); European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme InnoVar under grant agreement No 818144; SFI Centre for Research Training in Foundations of Data Science 18/CRT/6049, and SFI Research Centre awards I-Form 16/RC/3872 and Insight 12/RC/2289_P2. AH and SG thank the Spanish research project PaleoModes (CGL2016-75281-C2-1-R) which provided some of their financial support. JF is supported by an Atracción de Talento senior fellowship (2018-T1/AMB/11493) funded by Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), and a project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-114854GB-C22). ; Peer reviewed
