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The authors outline the reasons why an implementation gap, between policy and practice, occurs and discuss three theoretical and methodological approaches to explaining and assessing the significance of this gap. From these approaches a participant-observation methodology is chosen to examine the policy-implementation process, with particular reference to the decisionmaking process over applications to erect agricultural dwellings in the local government district of North Devon in England. It is found that a few councillors with agricultural or rural connections were able to overturn policies and the recommendations of planning officers. The authors conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the British planning system, which still treats each application for development on its own merits rather than in the more mechanistic zoning system practised elsewhere.

The disposal of household waste has become a major problem for all industrialised countries. Public policy has focused on changing household attitudes by information campaigns. However, the link between environmental attitudes and actions is a very complex one. The authors develop a conceptual framework with three predictors: environmental values, situational variables, and psychological variables. This framework can be used to formulate both questionnaire design and data analysis. The paper demonstrates its utility with a report on recent research that has used the framework to provide important new findings about different attitudes and actions to waste minimisation, waste reuse, and waste recycling. These findings have clear implications for public policy as well as lending considerable empirical support to the original conceptualisation offered by the