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RESEARCH ON POLITICAL TOLERANCE HAS MADE SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS IN RECENT YEARS BY IMPROVING THE MEASURES USED TO GAUGE PUBLIC OPINION. MUCH ATTENTION HAS BEEN DEVOTED TO DEVELOPING INDICATORS THAT CONTROL FOR GROUP AFFECT. CONTROLS FOR ACTIVITY AFFECT HAVE NOT BEEN PURSUED AS VIGOROUSLY. INDEED, MUCH OF THE PROGRESS HAS BEEN ALONG THE LINES OF SPECIFYING TOLERANCE FOR UNPOPULAR POLITICAL MINORITIES RATHER THAN TOLERANCE FOR UNORTHODOX OR THREATENING POLITICAL ACTIVITIES. MORE GENERALLY, TOLERANCE RESEARCH HAS NOT BEEN SENSITIVE TO THE VARIETY OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS THAT DETERMINE CITIZEN ATTITUDES IN CIVIL-LIBERTIES DISPUTES. A NEW APPROACH TO MEASURING POLITICAL TOLERANCE IS PRESENTED IN THIS ARTICLE. THE MEASURES DEVELOPED IN THIS APPROACH DISAGGREGATE THE TRADITIONAL MEASURES OF TOLERANCE (SUCH AS STOUFFER'S (1955) SUPPORT FOR "A COMMUNIST MAKING A SPEECH IN YOUR COMMUNITY) IN PARTICULAR, SCALES MEASURING SUPPORT FOR FREEDOM OF SPEECH, FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY, AND FREEDOM OF POLITICAL ASSOCIATION ARE PRESENTED. AS MULTIPLE-INDICATOR MEASURES POSING CONFLICTS AMONG VALUES, THESE SCALES ARE RELATED TO TRADITIONAL TOLERANCE MEASURES. HOWEVER, BECAUSE THEY REFLECT THE COMPLEXITY AND CONFLICT ASSOCIATED WITH ACTUAL CIVIL-LIBERTIES DISPUTES, THEY WILL NO DOUBT SERVE AS BETTER PREDICTORS OF OPINIONS AND BEHAVIORS IN ACTUAL DISPUTES.

Describes anti-Jewish prejudice and support for official discrimination against Jews. Discovers a low level of expressed anti-Semitism among respondents and virtually no support for state policies that discriminate against Jews. At the same time, many of the conventional hypotheses predicting anti-Semitism are supported in the Soviet case. (Abstract amended)

Political intolerance is shown to be a function of 2 basic attributes of individuals: level of education and degree of psychological dogmatism. There are important indirect effects through such variables as perceptions of threat from homosexuals, support for the norms of democracy, and support for the agenda of the New Right. (Abstract amended)