Suchergebnisse

<p>Determinar en dónde sucedió el ciberilícito transjurisdiccional y, en consecuencia, el juez llamado a conocer la causa es una de las dificultades que encuentra la responsabilidad civil. En este artículo de investigación se indaga cómo debe ser interpretado en Colombia el criterio tradicional del "lugar en donde sucedió el hecho" cuando se está frente a un ciberilícito. Para resolver la cuestión, se aplica el método dogmático acudiendo a las soluciones dadas en el derecho extranjero que pueden servir de inspiración a la colombiana y para los regímenes que aplican el criterio loci delicti commissi. Así, en el escrito se propone que para los casos de ciberilícitos en Colombia, el "lugar en donde sucedió el hecho" se entienda como el "domicilio de la víctima". Con esta interpretación, que los autores del escrito denominan pro victimæ, se busca llenar el vacío que encuentra el demandante que no quiere o no puede interponer su acción de reparación en el domicilio del demandado. En la investigación se examina cómo el criterio propuesto es análogo a las interpretaciones dadas en Estados Unidos, Australia y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, y es armónico con el ordenamiento jurídico nacional.</p>

One of the difficulties that tort law encounters is determining the place where a cross-jurisdictional cybertort occurs, as well as determining the judge who will hear the case. This research article explores how the traditional criterion of "place where the harmful event occurred" must be interpreted when a cybertort occurs in Colombia. To address the issue, the dogmatic method following the solutions that foreign law offer is applied. These solutions could inspire both Colombian law and the laws of regimes that apply the criterion of loci delicti commissi. Thus, in this article, we propose that, in cases of cybertorts in Colombia, the "place where the harmful event occurred" should be understand as the "domicile of the victim". Based on this interpretation, the authors of this article use the term pro victimæ, aiming to close the gap that the plaintiff finds when he or she does not or cannot appeal damage actions in the defendant's domicile. This research examines how the criterion proposed is similar to the interpretations offered by the United States, Australia and the Court of Justice of the European Union. It also examines the affinity that this criterion has with the national legal system. ; Determinar en dónde sucedió el ciberilícito transjurisdiccional y, en consecuencia, el juez llamado a conocer la causa es una de las dificultades que encuentra la responsabilidad civil. En este artículo de investigación se indaga cómo debe ser interpretado en Colombia el criterio tradicional del "lugar en donde sucedió el hecho" cuando se está frente a un ciberilícito. Para resolver la cuestión, se aplica el método dogmático acudiendo a las soluciones dadas en el derecho extranjero que pueden servir de inspiración a la colombiana y para los regímenes que aplican el criterio loci delicti commissi. Así, en el escrito se propone que para los casos de ciberilícitos en Colombia, el "lugar en donde sucedió el hecho" se entienda como el "domicilio de la víctima". Con esta interpretación, que los autores del escrito denominan pro victimæ, se busca llenar el vacío que encuentra el demandante que no quiere o no puede interponer su acción de reparación en el domicilio del demandado. En la investigación se examina cómo el criterio propuesto es análogo a las interpretaciones dadas en Estados Unidos, Australia y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, y es armónico con el ordenamiento jurídico nacional.

One of the difficulties that tort law encounters is determining the place where a cross-jurisdictional cybertort occurs, as well as determining the judge who will hear the case. This research article explores how the traditional criterion of "place where the harmful event occurred" must be interpreted when a cybertort occurs in Colombia. To address the issue, the dogmatic method following the solutions that foreign law offer is applied. These solutions could inspire both Colombian law and the laws of regimes that apply the criterion of loci delicti commissi. Thus, in this article, we propose that, in cases of cybertorts in Colombia, the "place where the harmful event occurred" should be understand as the "domicile of the victim". Based on this interpretation, the authors of this article use the term pro victimæ, aiming to close the gap that the plaintiff finds when he or she does not or cannot appeal damage actions in the defendant's domicile. This research examines how the criterion proposed is similar to the interpretations offered by the United States, Australia and the Court of Justice of the European Union. It also examines the affinity that this criterion has with the national legal system. ; Determinar en dónde sucedió el ciberilícito transjurisdiccional y, en consecuencia, el juez llamado a conocer la causa es una de las dificultades que encuentra la responsabilidad civil. En este artículo de investigación se indaga cómo debe ser interpretado en Colombia el criterio tradicional del "lugar en donde sucedió el hecho" cuando se está frente a un ciberilícito. Para resolver la cuestión, se aplica el método dogmático acudiendo a las soluciones dadas en el derecho extranjero que pueden servir de inspiración a la colombiana y para los regímenes que aplican el criterio loci delicti commissi. Así, en el escrito se propone que para los casos de ciberilícitos en Colombia, el "lugar en donde sucedió el hecho" se entienda como el "domicilio de la víctima". Con esta interpretación, que los autores del escrito denominan pro victimæ, se busca llenar el vacío que encuentra el demandante que no quiere o no puede interponer su acción de reparación en el domicilio del demandado. En la investigación se examina cómo el criterio propuesto es análogo a las interpretaciones dadas en Estados Unidos, Australia y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, y es armónico con el ordenamiento jurídico nacional.

Esta nota de investigación presenta una nueva base de datos a nivel local, que recoge los partidos políticos que apoyaron la formación de Gobiernos locales en los municipios españoles de más de 1000 habitantes en las legislaturas 2003-‍2007 y 2007-‍2011. La nota de investigación describe el proceso de obtención de la información, los datos obtenidos y unos análisis descriptivos iniciales. La base de datos es de acceso público y permitirá mejorar el conocimiento sobre los Gobiernos locales en España. También facilitará la realización de estudios cuantitativos que requieren contar con un elevado número de municipios en un mismo contexto institucional.

Esta nota de investigación presenta una nueva base de datos a nivel local, que recoge los partidos políticos que apoyaron la formación de Gobiernos locales en los municipios españoles de más de 1000 habitantes en las legislaturas 2003-‍2007 y 2007-‍2011. La nota de investigación describe el proceso de obtención de la información, los datos obtenidos y unos análisis descriptivos iniciales. La base de datos es de acceso público y permitirá mejorar el conocimiento sobre los Gobiernos locales en España. También facilitará la realización de estudios cuantitativos que requieren contar con un elevado número de municipios en un mismo contexto institucional.

This research note presents a new database at the local level about the political parties that supported the formation of local Governments in Spanish municipalities of more than 1000 inhabitants in the legislatures 2003-‍2007 and 2007-‍2011. The research note describes the information-gathering process, the data obtained and some initial descriptive results. The dataset is publicly available and will allow to improve the knowledge about local governments in Spain. It will also facilitate carrying out quantitative studies that require a large number of municipalities within a common institutional context. ; Esta nota de investigación presenta una nueva base de datos a nivel local, que recoge los partidos políticos que apoyaron la formación de Gobiernos locales en los municipios españoles de más de 1000 habitantes en las legislaturas 2003-‍2007 y 2007-‍2011. La nota de investigación describe el proceso de obtención de la información, los datos obtenidos y unos análisis descriptivos iniciales. La base de datos es de acceso público y permitirá mejorar el conocimiento sobre los Gobiernos locales en España. También facilitará la realización de estudios cuantitativos que requieren contar con un elevado número de municipios en un mismo contexto institucional.

Metropolitan government is still an unfinished business in Spain. An example of this is the metropolitan area of Valencia. The aim of this article is to learn about the process that has led to the current situation of a lack of metropolitan government and to propose actions that will help to make it a reality in the not-too-distant future. To this end, it analyses the history and the current regulations, and it is completed with the opinions and contributions of academics and politicians. The result is that, although there is no political will to include the consolidation of a metropolitan government in Valencia in the current political agenda, it is possible to set in motion initiatives of different types, on the part of local administrations and civil society, which can take advantage of the existing governance structures to advance toward a metropolitan government in the medium term.

This work studies the effects of the substitution of NaCl with KCl and CaCl on the physicochemical, mineral and sensory profile of fermented green Spanish-style Manzanilla olives, using an enlarged centroid mixture design. An increasing presence of CaCl in the initial brines improved the colour index, L, b values, and firmness. The Na in the olives decreased (linearly) while the levels of K and Ca increased (quadratic) as a function of the KCl and CaCl concentrations in the initial brines. CaCl also improved the retention of Zn and P in the flesh. PLS showed a strong relationship between Ca and bitterness, hardness, fibrousness, crunchiness and saltiness (negative) and allowed for the prediction of sensory attributes (except acid) from the mineral contents in the flesh. Most of the treatments could lead to new green Spanish-style Manzanilla olive presentations with reduced Na and healthier characteristics. ; This work was supported by the European Union (Probiolives, contract 243471), Spanish Government (AGL2010-15494/ALI, partially financed by European regional development funds, ERDF) and Junta de Andalucía (through financial support to AGR-125 group). J. Bautista-Gallego and J.M. Moreno-Baquero thank CSIC for their JAE-PREDOCs fellowships. The technical assistance of Veronica Romero Gil and Elena Nogales Hernández is also acknowledged. ; Peer Reviewed

8 Páginas; 1 Tabla; 4 Figuras ; This article contains processed data related to the research published in "Fermentation in nutrient salt mixtures affects green Spanish-style Manzanilla table olives" [1]. It displays information on the salt substitution by other nutrient salts (potassium chloride and calcium chloride) during fermentation of green Spanish-style Manzanilla table olives to produce healthier products. Particularly, it studies the relationship between the different colour parameters (L*, a*, b* and Ci), firmness, and sensory attributes (saltiness, bitterness, hardness, and fibrousness), and the composition of the initial brine in NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2. The composition of the brines affected the characteristics of the product. In general, the higher was the proportion of CaCl2 in the initial brines the better was the colour. Also, the presence of this salt mitigated the saltiness perception but increment those of bitterness, hardness, fibrousness, and crunchiness. Besides, most of the sensory attribute scores could successfully be predicted as a function of the Na, K, and Ca concentrations in the fermented olive flesh. The work allows the production of table olives with specific characteristics and predetermined mineral nutrient composition. ; This work was supported by the European Union (Probiolives, contract 243471), Spanish Government (AGL2010-15494/ALI, partially financed by European regional development funds, ERDF) and Junta de Andalucía (through financial support to AGR-125 group). J. Bautista-Gallego and J.M. Moreno-Baquero thank CSIC for their JAE-PREDOCs fellowships. The technical assistance of Veronica Romero Gil and Elena Nogales Hernández is also acknowledged. ; Peer reviewed

Este trabajo analiza la jurisprudencia derivada de los planes hidrológicos aprobados por el Gobierno de España para el período 2016-2021. La mayoría de las demandas han sido desestimadas, excepto en tres casos: la falta de objetivos ambientales y caudales ecológicos para el río Tajo; el dragado del río Guadalquivir y los planes de las cuencas andaluzas. El documento ordena argumentos de muy diferente naturaleza, como la potestad del gobierno en funciones, la omisión de trámites e informes, el valor de la prueba pericial, amén lógicamente de los temas sustantivos. El conocimiento y crítica de esta jurisprudencia es esencial para mejorar la planificación hidrológica futura.

Espainiako Gobernuak 2016-2021 aldirako onartu dituen plan hidrologikoetatik eratorritako jurisprudentzia aztertzen du lan honek. Demanda gehienak ezetsi egin dira, hiru kasutan izan ezik: Tajo ibairako ingurumen-helbururik eta emari ekologikorik eza; Guadalquivir ibaiaren dragatzea, eta Andaluziako arroen planak. Dokumentuak argudio oso desberdinak antolatzen ditu, hala nola jarduneko gobernuaren ahalmena, izapide eta txostenik ez egitea, aditu-frogaren balioa, eta, logikoa denez, funtsezko gaiak. Jurisprudentzia hori ezagutzea eta kritikatzea funtsezkoa da etorkizuneko plangintza hidrologikoa hobetzeko.
This paper analyzes the case law resulting from hydrological plans adopted by the Government of Spain for the period 2016-2021. Most of the lawsuits have been dismissed, except in three cases: the lack of environmental objectives and ecological flows for the Tagus river; the dredging of the Guadalquivir river and the plans for the Andalusian basins. The document schematizes arguments of a very different nature, such as the powers of the interim government, the omission of procedures and reports, the value attributed to expert evidence as well as logically the substantive issues. The knowledge and criticism of this jurisprudence seems essential to enhance the future hydrological planning.

© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry. BACKGROUND: Zinc chloride has been used previously as a preservative in directly brined olives with promising results. However, this is the first time that the effects of ZnCl 2 addition (0-1gL -1 ) on green Spanish-style table olive (cv. Manzanilla) packaging has been studied. RESULTS: The presence of ZnCl 2 affected the physico-chemical characteristics of the products; the presence of the Zn led to lower pH values (particularly just after packaging) and titratable and combined acidity values than the control but did not produce clear trends in the colour parameters. No Enterobacteriaceae were found in any of the treatments evaluated. At the highest ZnCl 2 concentrations, the lactic acid bacteria were inhibited while, unexpectedly, its presence showed a lower effect than potassium sorbate against the yeast population. Regardless of the use of potassium sorbate or ZnCl 2 , the packages had a reduced microbial biodiversity because only Lactobacillus pentosus and Pichia galeiformis were found at the end of the shelf life. With respect to organoleptic characteristics, the presentations containing ZnCl 2 were not differentiated from the traditional product. CONCLUSION: Zinc chloride was less efficient than potassium sorbate as a yeast inhibitor in green Spanish-style olives, showing clear presentation style dependent behaviour for this property. Its presence produced significant changes in chemical parameters but scarcely affected colour or sensory characteristics. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Government (projects AGL2009-07436/ALI and AGL2010-15494/ALI, partially financed by European regional development funds, ERDF), and Junta de Andalucía (through financial support to group AGR-125). J. Bautista-Gallego and F.N. Arroyo-López wish to thank the CSIC and the Spanish government for their JAE predoctoral fellowship and Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral research contract, respectively. ; Peer Reviewed

12 Páginas.-- 7 Figuras.-- 1 Tabla ; The work assays the use of various concentrations of ZnCl2 (0.0–0.1%, w/v) in packaged natural black Manzanilla table olives. The transformations were followed for 4 months. The presence of Zn modified the leaching of total sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and mannitol) into the brine, which decreased as the ZnCl2 content increased. Over the study, sucrose and glucose were exhausted while fructose, although consumed, left some final residues and the use of mannitol was limited. Titratable acidity was always gradually formed causing the subsequent pH decrease, which stabilized at ≈3.5. Acetic and mainly lactic acid were also formed during the assay, reaching the highest level of lactic acid in the 0.050% ZnCl2 treatment, followed by the Control. The acids were formed by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Lactobacillus pentosus, 39%, and Lactobacillus plantarum, 61%). However, the most outstanding Zn effect was found on the olive sensory characteristics: its presence markedly reduced the bitter notes, increased the overall appreciation, and the treatment containing 0.075% ZnCl2 had the highest scores in hardness, crunchiness, and overall appreciation. Therefore, the addition of ZnCl2 into packaged natural table olives may lead to healthy products with desirable sensory characteristics which, in turn, could promote consumption. ; This work was supported by the European Union (Probiolives, contract 243471), Spanish Government (project AGL2010-15494/ALI, partially financed by European regional development funds, ERDF), and Junta de Andalucía (through financial support to group AGR-125). JB-G and FA-L wish to thank the CSIC and the Spanish government for their research contracts, respectively. ; Peer reviewed